Alignment of unigene14510 in the <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoannulata</i> transcriptome with insect α2 subunits.

<p>Loops A, B, and C, important in agonist binding in the nAChR α subunit, are underscored by a single line. Transmembrane domains (TM 1–2) are marked by double lines. Dm: <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (NP_524482); Bm: <i>Bombyx mori</i> (ABV72684); Tcas: <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (EFA10793); Aga: <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> (AAU12504); Amel: <i>Apis mellifera</i> (NP_001011625).</p

Phylogenetic analysis of GST unigenes in the <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoannulata</i> transcriptome compared with insect GSTs.

<p>Numbers above the branches indicate phylogenies from amino acid sequences and only values above 45% are shown. Dm: <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>; Nl: <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>; Sf: <i>Sogatella furcifera</i>.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of putative cytochrome P450 genes in <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoannulata</i> compared with insect P450s.

<p>Numbers above the branches indicate phylogenies from amino acid sequences and only values above 50% are shown. Dm: <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>; Tc: <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>; Mo: <i>Metaseiulus occidentalis</i>.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of AChE unigenes in the <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoannulata</i> transcriptome compared with other species’ AChEs.

<p>Numbers above the branches indicate phylogenies from amino acid sequences and only values above 45% are shown. Tc: <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>; Nl: <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>; Bm: <i>Bombyx mori</i>; Tu: <i>Tetranychus urticae</i>; Rm: <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i>; Mo: <i>Metaseiulus occidentalis</i>; Pp: <i>Pardosa pseudoannulata</i>.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of GluCl unigenes in the <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoannulata</i> transcriptome with other species’ GluCls.

<p>Numbers above the branches indicate phylogenies from amino acid sequences and only values above 50% are shown. Ag: <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>; Dm: <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>; Bm: <i>Bombyx mori</i>; Tu; <i>Tetranychus urticae</i>; Tc: <i>Tetranychus cinnabarinus</i>; Hc: <i>Haemonchus contortus</i>; Ce: <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>.</p

Statistical data for unigenes hit in the NCBI nonredundant (Nr) database associated with insecticide action and detoxification in the <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoannulata</i> transcriptome.

<p>Statistical data for unigenes hit in the NCBI nonredundant (Nr) database associated with insecticide action and detoxification in the <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoannulata</i> transcriptome.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of GABA receptor unigenes in the <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoannulata</i> transcriptome with the GABA receptors of other species.

<p>Numbers above the branches indicate phylogenies from amino acid sequences and only values above 50% are shown. Bm: <i>Bombyx mori</i>; Dm: <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>; Tc: <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>; Tu: <i>Tetranychus urticae</i>; Am: <i>Apis mellifera</i>.</p

Specific Synergist for Neonicotinoid Insecticides: IPPA08, a <i>cis</i>-Neonicotinoid Compound with a Unique Oxabridged Substructure

Insecticide synergists are key components to increase the control efficacy and reduce active ingredient use. Here, we describe a novel insecticide synergist with activity specific for insecticidal neonicotinoids. The synergist IPPA08, a <i>cis</i> configuration neonicotinoid compound with a unique oxabridged substructure, could increase the toxicity of most neonicotinoid insecticides belonging to the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) 4A subgroup against a range of insect species, although IPPA08 itself was almost inactive to insects at synergistic concentrations. Unfortunately, similar effects were observed on the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), resistant to imidacloprid. IPPA08 did not show any effects on toxicity of insecticides with different targets, which made us define it as a neonicotinoid-specific synergist. Unlike most insecticide synergists, by inhibition of activities of detoxification enzymes, IPPA08 showed no effects on enzyme activities. The results revealed that IPPA08 worked as a synergist through a distinct way. Although the modulating insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs, targets of neonicotinoid insecticides) were supposed as a possible mode of action for IPPA08 as a neonicotinoid-specific synergist, direct evidence is needed in further studies. In insect pest control, IPPA08 acts as a target synergist to increase neonicotinoid toxicity and reduce the amount of neonicotinoid used. Combinations of IPPA08 and insecticidal neonicotinoids may be developed into new insecticide formulations. In summary, combining an active ingredient with a “custom” synergist appears to be a very promising approach for the development of effective new insecticide products