DataSheet_1_Wenzi Jiedu Recipe ameliorates colorectal cancer by remodeling the gut microbiota and tumor microenvironment.docx

IntroductionWenzi Jiedu Recipe (WJR), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been proven to be clinically useful in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its underlying mechanisms are still elusive, which limits its wider application. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of WJR on CRC and elucidate mechanisms underlying its action.MethodsNetwork pharmacology was employed to clarify the “herb-active ingredient-target” network of WJR. The 16S rDNA sequencing method was used to analyze the changes of gut microbes mediated by WJR in tumor-bearing mice with CRC. The proportions of CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell were measured by flow cytometry. Levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were assessed by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsWJR showed significant anti-CRC effects both in vitro and in vivo. Network pharmacology revealed that WJR exerts anti-CRC therapeutic effect on multiple targets and signaling pathways. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that WJR therapy significantly enriched for Oscillibacter and Bacteroides_acidifacien. In particular, we found that WJR significantly increased the proportion of CD8+ T cells and the expression of immune-associated cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α.ConclusionThe regulation of gut microbiota by WJR may be the breakthrough point to clarify its mechanism of action in the treatment of CRC, and it has a good prospect of clinical application.</p

Two-choice attraction assays.

<p>Mean number (± SEM) of two-day-old gravid female <i>Lycoriella ingenua</i> flies attracted to various pure fungal cultures grown on potato dextrose agar in two-choice, static-flow olfactometer assays. Each horizontal bar is the mean of responses of 5 females to each treatment over 12 replicates (N = 12). The mean number of non-responders (± SEM) for each combination is included in parentheses to the right. Female choices for each pair of cultures were analyzed via chi square. All non-responders were excluded from the analysis.</p

Larval survival assays.

<p>Mean survival (± SEM) of <i>Lycoriella ingenua</i> larvae to adults on various pure fungal cultures grown on potato dextrose agar. Each histogram is the mean survival of 5 newly emerged first instar larvae, replicated from 6 different cohorts of larvae. All data were non-normally distributed and differences among mean survival on different fungal cultures were first analyzed via the Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences between survival on different fungal cultures were compared with the Dunn’s Multiple Comparisons Test. Different letters above bars indicate a significant difference (df = 5; P < 0.05).</p

Two-choice oviposition assays.

<p>Mean number (± SEM) of eggs laid by two-day old gravid female <i>L</i>. <i>ingenua</i> flies on various pure fungal cultures grown on potato dextrose agar in two-choice oviposition assays. Each horizontal bar shows the mean number of eggs laid on the two choices of fungi by 15 two-day-old gravid female flies, tested in groups of three in three individual chambers with 5 different cohorts of females being tested over 5 different nights. All data were non-normally distributed and differences between the mean number of eggs deposited on each pair of fungal cultures were analyzed via the Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> test (two-tailed, df = 14).</p

Source separation of municipal solid waste: The effects of different separation methods and citizens’ inclination—case study of Changsha, China

<p>A case study on the source separation of municipal solid waste (MSW) was performed in Changsha, the capital city of Hunan Province, China. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of different separation methods and compare their effects with citizens’ attitudes and inclination. An effect evaluation method based on accuracy rate and miscellany rate was proposed to study the performance of different separation methods. A large-scale questionnaire survey was conducted to determine citizens’ attitudes and inclination toward source separation. Survey result shows that the vast majority of respondents hold consciously positive attitudes toward participation in source separation. Moreover, the respondents ignore the operability of separation methods and would rather choose the complex separation method involving four or more subclassed categories. For the effects of separation methods, the site experiment result demonstrates that the relatively simple separation method involving two categories (food waste and other waste) achieves the best effect with the highest accuracy rate (83.1%) and the lowest miscellany rate (16.9%) among the proposed experimental alternatives. The outcome reflects the inconsistency between people’s environmental awareness and behavior. Such inconsistency and conflict may be attributed to the lack of environmental knowledge. Environmental education is assumed to be a fundamental solution to improve the effect of source separation of MSW in Changsha. Important management tips on source separation, including the reformation of the current pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) system, are presented in this work.</p> <p><i>Implications</i>: A case study on the source separation of municipal solid waste was performed in Changsha. An effect evaluation method based on accuracy rate and miscellany rate was proposed to study the performance of different separation methods. The site experiment result demonstrates that the two-category (food waste and other waste) method achieves the best effect. The inconsistency between people’s inclination and the effect of source separation exists. The proposed method can be expanded to other cities to determine the most effective separation method during planning stages or to evaluate the performance of running source separation systems.</p

No-choice oviposition assays.

<p>Mean number (± SEM) of eggs laid by 0- (day of emergence) to-7 day-old female <i>L</i>. <i>ingenua</i> flies on various pure fungal cultures grown on potato dextrose agar in no-choice oviposition assays. A total of 15 flies of a particular age were tested for their tendency to lay eggs on each of the 8 fungal cultures under no-choice conditions, resulting in a total of 120 females (15 flies x 8 fungal cultures) of each age that were tested for oviposition on all fungal cultures. There were 8 age groups tested (panels a-h), and thus 840 different female flies were used in this experiment. All data were non-normally distributed and differences among mean egg numbers within each age group were analyzed via the Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences between mean egg numbers for each age group were compared using the Dunn’s Multiple Comparisons Test. No comparisons were made between mean numbers of eggs in different age groups. Different letters above histograms within the same age group indicate a significant difference (df = 14; P < 0.05).</p

Reducing the Universal “Coffee-Ring Effect” by a Vapor-Assisted Spraying Method for High-Efficiency CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

Organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most attractive and efficient burgeoning thin-film photovoltaics. The perovskite films have been fabricated via lots of deposition methods, but these laboratory-based fabrication methods are not well-matched with large-area manufacture. Herein, spray coating as a deposition technique was explored to prepare perovskite films and break the bottleneck that plagued large-scale production. However, it is hard to reduce the notorious “coffee-ring effect” during the process of spraying perovskite films especially in a one-step spraying method. Thus, the vapor-assisted spraying method (VASM), namely, fabricating perovskite films through a vapor–solid in situ reaction between CH₃NH₃I vapor and sprayed PbI₂ films, was creatively applied to the preparation of dense and uniform perovskite films. The surfaces of the sprayed PbI₂ films were optimized by adjusting the wettability, viscosity, and contact quality via various methods such as the selection of solvent, solution concentration, and substrate temperature to inhibit the capillary flow and release the pinning contact line. The application of a component solvent could effectively crush the dense structure of the PbI₂ film, optimizing the morphology of PbI₂ films and reducing the influence of the coffee-ring effect. Integrating the above aspects, the optimized PbI₂ films could form uniform perovskite films via an in situ reaction, and a best power conversion efficiency of 17.56% was achieved for planar structure PSCs, which is high among the PSCs fabricated by the spraying method. In addition, the VASM could be applied in the actual conditions for mass production, exhibiting excellent optical and electrical properties and paving the way of the commercialization of PSCs

Forming Intermediate Phase on the Surface of PbI₂ Precursor Films by Short-Time DMSO Treatment for High-Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells via Vapor-Assisted Solution Process

Morphology regulation is vital to obtain high-performance perovskite films. Vapor-assisted deposition provides a simple approach to prepare perovskite films with controlled vapor–solid reaction. However, dense PbI₂ precursor films with large crystal grains make it difficult for organic molecules to diffuse and interact with inner PbI₂ frame. Here, a surface modification process is developed to optimize the surface layer morphology of PbI₂ precursor films and lower the resistance of the induced period in crystallization. The vapor optimization time is shortened to several seconds, and the intermediate phase forms on the surface layer of PbI₂ films. We achieve porous PbI₂ surface with smaller grains through dimethyl sulfoxide vapor treatment, which promotes the migration and reaction rate between CH₃NH₃I vapor and PbI₂ layer. The PbI₂ precursor films undergo dramatic morphological evolution due to the formed intermediate phase on PbI₂ surface layer. Taking advantage of the proposed surface modification process, we achieve high-quality uniform perovskite films with larger crystal grains and without residual PbI₂. The repeatable perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with modified films exhibit power conversion efficiency of up to 18.43% for planar structure. Moreover, the devices show less hysteresis because of improved quality and reduced defect states of the films. Our work expands the application of morphology control through forming intermediate phase and demonstrates an effective way to enhance the performance of the PSCs

Additional file 1: of Investigating rectal toxicity associated dosimetric features with deformable accumulated rectal surface dose maps for cervical cancer radiotherapy

Appendix A. TOP-DIR algorithm. Appendix B. 3D-2D rectum surface dose mapping. Appendix C. Sequential forward feature selection (SFS) algorithm. (DOCX 155 kb

Transfection with E7-siRNA induced apoptosis.

<p>(A, B, C and D) The percent of apoptotic Hep G2 cells was measured using the Annexin V assay at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after transfection, and then the stained cells were analyzed through flow cytometry. (E) The results showed that 7.26%±0.29%, 22.03%±0.23% and 19.20%±0.78% in siRNA E7 transfected Hep G2 cells after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h underwent total apoptosis compared with only 5.25%±0.76% in NC siRNA E7 transfected cells (p<0.05).</p