Graphene Quantum Dots Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Polypyrrole as Supercapacitor Electrode

通过将吡咯单体在低温下与石墨烯量子点进行原位聚合，获得一种全新的聚吡咯/石墨烯量子点（PPY/GQD）复合材料. 实验中采用了扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外（FT-IR）和热重（TGA）对复合物的表面形貌、结构进行表征. 结果表明，吡咯单体以石墨烯量子点为软模板，以化学键的方式在石墨烯量子点的表面聚合生长成片状聚吡咯. 通过机械冷压法将粉末状PPY/GQD复合物压成圆片电极，电极的电化学测试结果表明，PPY和GQD质量比为50:1所制得的复合物的电容量为485 F·g-1，同时在两千次循环之后电容量只降低了大约2%. 通过与同比例的PG（聚吡咯/石墨烯复合材料）以及纯PPY对比，发现聚吡咯/石墨烯量子点的高比容量及优异的循环稳定性将会使其在电化学超级电容器领域中具有的潜在的应用价值.With an objective to develop electrode materials with high specific capacitance and good stability, a completely new nanocomposite of Polypyrrole (PPY) and graphene quantum dots (GQD) was successfully obtained through in-situ polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of GQD suspension. The obtained composites with different mass ratios were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). GQD enhanced electrochemical performance of PPY and, as supercapacitor electrodes, the PPY/GQD composites with the mass ratio of PPY to GQD at 50:1 showed a competitive specific capacitance of 485 F·g-1 at a scan rate of 0.005 V·s-1. The attenuation of the specific capacitance is about 2% after 2000 cycles. The high specific capacitance and good stability of the PPY/GQD nanocomposites are promising for applications in electrochemical supercapacitors.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20906055), National “973 Program” (No. 2010CB933900), and the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering (No. 2060204).This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20906055), National “973 Program” (No. 2010CB933900), and the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering (No. 2060204).作者联系地址：上海交通大学微纳科学技术研究院，上海 200240Author's Address: Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]

Retrospective analysis of nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in China during 2003 and 2007

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nosocomial infections are a major threat to patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Limited data exist on the epidemiology of ICU-acquired infections in China. This retrospective study was carried out to determine the current status of nosocomial infection in China.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A retrospective review of nococomial infections in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in East China between 2003 and 2007 was performed. Nosocomial infections were defined according to the definitions of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The overall patient nosocomial infection rate, the incidence density rate of nosocomial infections, the excess length of stay, and distribution of nosocomial infection sites were determined. Then, pathogen and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were further investigated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among 1980 patients admitted over the period of time, the overall patient nosocomial infection rate was 26.8% or 51.0 per 1000 patient days., Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) accounted for most of the infections (68.4%), followed by urinary tract infections (UTI, 15.9%), bloodstream (BSI, 5.9%), and gastrointestinal tract (GI, 2.5%) infections. There was no significant change in LRTI, UTI and BSI infection rates during the 5 years. However, GI rate was significantly decreased from 5.5% in 2003 to 0.4% in 2007. In addition, <it>A. baumannii, C. albicans </it>and <it>S. epidermidis </it>were the most frequent pathogens isolated in patients with LRTIs, UTIs and BSIs, respectively. The rates of isolates resistant to commonly used antibiotics ranged from 24.0% to 93.1%.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>There was a high and relatively stable rate of nosocomial infections in the ICU of a tertiary hospital in China through year 2003–2007, with some differences in the distribution of the infection sites, and pathogen and antibiotic susceptibility profiles from those reported from the Western countries. Guidelines for surveillance and prevention of nosocomial infections must be implemented in order to reduce the rate.</p

Management of granulomatous lobular mastitis: an international multidisciplinary consensus (2021 edition)

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence. Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions, etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology. The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidence-based consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.Improving the Ability of Diagnosis and Treatment of Difficult Disease

Genomewide association study of leprosy.

BACKGROUND: The narrow host range of Mycobacterium leprae and the fact that it is refractory to growth in culture has limited research on and the biologic understanding of leprosy. Host genetic factors are thought to influence susceptibility to infection as well as disease progression. METHODS: We performed a two-stage genomewide association study by genotyping 706 patients and 1225 controls using the Human610-Quad BeadChip (Illumina). We then tested three independent replication sets for an association between the presence of leprosy and 93 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were most strongly associated with the disease in the genomewide association study. Together, these replication sets comprised 3254 patients and 5955 controls. We also carried out tests of heterogeneity of the associations (or lack thereof) between these 93 SNPs and disease, stratified according to clinical subtype (multibacillary vs. paucibacillary). RESULTS: We observed a significant association (P<1.00x10(-10)) between SNPs in the genes CCDC122, C13orf31, NOD2, TNFSF15, HLA-DR, and RIPK2 and a trend toward an association (P=5.10x10(-5)) with a SNP in LRRK2. The associations between the SNPs in C13orf31, LRRK2, NOD2, and RIPK2 and multibacillary leprosy were stronger than the associations between these SNPs and paucibacillary leprosy. CONCLUSIONS: Variants of genes in the NOD2-mediated signaling pathway (which regulates the innate immune response) are associated with susceptibility to infection with M. leprae