2,837 research outputs found
Device-Edge Cooperative Fine-Tuning of Foundation Models as a 6G Service
Foundation models (FoMos), referring to large-scale AI models, possess
human-like capabilities and are able to perform competitively in the domain of
human intelligence. The breakthrough in FoMos has inspired researchers to
deploy such models in the sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks for automating
a broad range of tasks in next-generation mobile applications. While the sizes
of FoMos are reaching their peaks, their next phase is expected to focus on
fine-tuning the models to specific downstream tasks. This inspires us to
propose the vision of FoMo fine-tuning as a 6G service. Its key feature is the
exploitation of existing parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques to
tweak only a small fraction of model weights for a FoMo to become customized
for a specific task. To materialize the said vision, we survey the
state-of-the-art PEFT and then present a novel device-edge fine-tuning (DEFT)
framework for providing efficient and privacy-preserving fine-tuning services
at the 6G network edge. The framework consists of the following comprehensive
set of techniques: 1) Control of fine-tuning parameter sizes in different
transformer blocks of a FoMo; 2) Over-the-air computation for realizing neural
connections in DEFT; 3) Federated DEFT in a multi-device system by downloading
a FoMo emulator or gradients; 4) On-the-fly prompt-ensemble tuning; 5)
Device-to-device prompt transfer among devices. Experiments are conducted using
pre-trained FoMos with up to 11 billion parameters to demonstrate the
effectiveness of DEFT techniques. The article is concluded by presenting future
research opportunities.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure
Spatial and temporal variations of Rb/Sr ratios of the bulk surface sediments in Lake Qinghai
The Rb/Sr ratios of lake sediments have been suggested as indicators of weathering intensity by increasing work. However, the geochemistry of Rb/Sr ratios of lake sediments is variable between different lakes. In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of Rb/Sr ratios, as well as those of other major elements in surface sediments of Lake Qinghai. We find that the spatial pattern of Rb/Sr ratios of the bulk sediments correlates well with that of the mass accumulation rate, and those of the terrigenous fractions, e.g., SiO2, Ti, and Fe. The temporal variations of Rb/Sr ratios also synchronize with those of SiO2, Ti, and Fe of each individual core. These suggest that Rb/Sr ratios of the surface sediments are closely related to terrigenous input from the catchment. Two out of eight cores show similar trends between Rb/Sr ratios and precipitation indices on decadal scales; however, the other cores do not show such relationship. The result of this study suggests that physical weathering and chemical weathering in Lake Qinghai catchment have opposite influence on Rb/Sr ratios of the bulk sediments, and they compete in dominating the Rb/Sr ratios of lake sediments on different spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, it is necessary to study the geochemistry of Rb/Sr ratio of lake sediments (especially that on short term timescales) particularly before it is used as an indicator of weathering intensity of the catchment
Three-dimensional numerical study of flow characteristic and membrane fouling evolution in an enzymatic membrane reactor
In order to enhance the understanding of membrane fouling mechanism, the
hydrodynamics of granular flow in a stirred enzymatic membrane reactor was
numerically investigated in the present study. A three-dimensional Euler-Euler
model, coupled with k-e mixture turbulence model and drag function for
interphase momentum exchange, was applied to simulate the two-phase
(fluid-solid) turbulent flow. Numerical simulations of single- or two-phase
turbulent flow under various stirring speed were implemented. The numerical
results coincide very well with some published experimental data. Results for
the distributions of velocity, shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy were
provided. Our results show that the increase of stirring speed could not only
enlarge the circulation loops in the reactor, but it can also increase the
shear stress on the membrane surface and accelerate the mixing process of
granular materials. The time evolution of volumetric function of granular
materials on the membrane surface has qualitatively explained the evolution of
membrane fouling.Comment: 10 panges, 8 figure
- …