Cemetery in Bryant's Cove. 1

Photograph of a cemetery in Bryant's Cove with rock wall and wooden fence

A second hadrosauroid dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Zuoyun, Shanxi Province, China

<div><p></p><p>A second basal hadrosauroid dinosaur, <i>Zuoyunlong huangi</i> gen. et sp. nov., is reported from the early Late Cretaceous Zhumapu Formation in Zuoyun County, Shanxi Province, northern China. <i>Zuoyunlong</i> preserves a partial right ilium and ischium and is unique in having a very short postacetabular process 50% as long as the iliac central plate. Our cladistic analysis recovers <i>Zuoyunlong</i> as the most basal Late Cretaceous hadrosauroid, with a sister taxon relationship with <i>Probactrosaurus</i> from the late Early Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia. Including <i>Zuoyunlong</i>, four Cenomanian basal hadrosauroids have been recorded, and the two taxa in North America (<i>Eolambia</i> and <i>Protohadros</i>) represent the earliest known hadrosauroids outside of Asia. In the light of the proposed phylogenetic topology and biogeographic data, the discovery of <i>Zuoyunlong</i> indicates that the first dispersal of hadrosauroids from Asia to North America probably happened around the boundary between the Early and Late Cretaceous.</p></div

Table4_Prognostic and immunological significance of calcium-related gene signatures in renal clear cell carcinoma.XLSX

Background: Calcium signaling is implicated in multiple processes including immune response that important in tumor progression. Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is the most frequent histological type of renal cell carcinoma with up to a third of cases develop metastases. As a result of a lack of in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying KIRC, treatment options have been limited. Here, we aim to comprehensively investigate the landscape of Ca2+ channels, pumps and exchangers in KIRC patients.Methods: The mRNA expression profiles and gene variations of 58 calcium-related genes (CRGs) in KIRC patients and normal control cases were downloaded from TCGA database. CRGs-related risk score was constructed to quantify calcium patterns by using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. The prognostic value, biological functions, immune landscape and therapeutic sensitivities based on CRGs-related risk score were then evaluated using multiple methods. Finally, key gene of CRGs was identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). TCGA-CPTAC, GSE53757 datasets, as well as human tissues were used for validation.Results: KIRC patients had significant differences in CRG expression, prognosis, and biological functions between two CRG clusters. CRGs-related risk score was then determined. The prognosis, tumor mutation burden, immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoints, and the response of targeted inhibitors were remarkably different between high and low CRGs-related risk subtypes. CRGs-related high-risk subtype was characterized by immunosuppressive microenvironment with poor prognosis. Meanwhile, several targeted drugs showed distinct sensitivity between CRGs-related risk subtypes. Finally, TRPM3 was identified as a key CRG based on risk score in KIRC patients. TRPM3 mRNA and protein expression were significantly lower in KIRC tumors than in normal controls. Low TRPM3 expression was associated with poor prognosis in KIRC patients.Conclusion: Our study highlighted the promising prognostic value of CRGs in KIRC tumors. The evaluation of CRGs-related risk score will contribute to predicting prognosis and clinical therapy in KIRC patients.</p

A New Basal Hadrosauroid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) with Transitional Features from the Late Cretaceous of Henan Province, China

<div><p>Background</p><p>Southwestern Henan Province in central China contains many down-faulted basins, including the Xixia Basin where the Upper Cretaceous continental sediments are well exposed. The Majiacun Formation is a major dinosaur-bearing stratigraphic unit that occurs in this basin.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>A new basal hadrosauroid dinosaur, <i>Zhanghenglong yangchengensis</i> gen. et sp. nov., is named based on newly collected specimens from the middle Santonian Majiacun Formation of Zhoujiagou Village, Xixia Basin. Two transitional features between basal hadrosauroids and hadrosaurids are attached to the diagnosis of the new taxon, namely five maxillary foramina consisting of four small scattered ones anteroposteriorly arranged in a row and a large one adjacent to the articular facet for the jugal, and dentary tooth crowns bearing both median and distally offset primary ridges. <i>Zhanghenglong</i> also displays a unique combination of plesiomorphic and derived features of hadrosauroids, and is clearly morphologically transitional between basal hadrosauroids and hadrosaurids. Furthermore, some measurement attributes in osteology are applied to the quantitative analysis of <i>Zhanghenglong</i>. For these attributes, the partition of the dataset on most hadrosauroid species resulting from model-based cluster analysis almost matches taxonomic separation between basal hadrosauroids and hadrosaurids. Data of <i>Zhanghenglong</i> on selected measurement attributes straddle the two combinations of intervals of partitioned datasets respectively related to basal hadrosauroids and hadrosaurids. This condition is similar to mosaic evolution of morphological characters present in the specimens of the taxon. The phylogenetic analysis of Hadrosauroidea recovers a clade composed of <i>Zhanghenglong</i>, <i>Nanyangosaurus</i>, and Hadrosauridae with an unresolved polytomy.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p><i>Zhanghenglong</i> is probably a relatively derived non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid, based on the inferences made from the morphological comparisons, quantitative evaluation of measurements, and cladistic analysis. In combination with information on the stratigraphy, phylogeny and biogeography, the material of <i>Zhanghenglong</i> provides direct evidence for the hypothesis that hadrosaurids might have originated in Asia.</p></div