Vietnam and the great powers

Ausgehend von der Doi moi Poltik - einer Wirtschaftsreform die 1986 begann - hatte Vietnam seine grundsätzliche außenpolitische Linie, im speziellen sein politisches Verhalten gegenüber den Großmächten, anzupassen. Diese Arbeit möchte die entscheidenden Faktoren, die zu großen Veränderungen in der vietnamesischen Außenpolitik seit 1986 führten und die strategischen Ziele die Hanoi in den Beziehungen zu den Großmächten verfolgt (USA, China, Europäische Union, Russland, Japan und Indien), analysieren. Ich behaupte, dass die vietnamesische Außenpolitik gegenüber den Großmächten seit Doi moi einer Mischung von zwei theoretischen Paradigmen zusammensetzt: Realismus und Liberalismus. Die pragmatischen Ansätze Hanois sind Mittel zum Zweck um der Modernisierung und der Industrialisierung des Landes zu dienen. Diese Fallstudie über Vietnam versucht ein Beispiel dafür zu geben wie klein und mittelgroße Staaten Südostasiens auf die heutigen Großmächte, in der Zeit seit Ende des Kalten Krieges, reagieren. Ebenso wie die bekanntesten Zugänge westlicher Theorien im Bereich der internationalen Beziehungen dazu dienen, die Außenpolitik eines südostasiatischen Landes, in diesem Fall Vietnam, zu erforschen.Deriving momentum from Doi moi-an economic reform launched since 1986, Vietnam has to adjust its general foreign policy, especially its policy behaviors toward the great powers. This thesis aims to examine determinant factors leading to significant changes of the in Vietnamese foreign policy since 1986, and strategic approaches which Hanoi has been pursuing in dealing with the present-day great powers (the United States, China, the European Union, Russia, Japan and India). I argue that Vietnamese foreign relations toward the great powers since Doi moi can be configured by a mixture of two theoretical paradigms: realism and liberalism. Hanoi’s pragmatic approaches are aims to serve for the cause of national modernization and industrialization. This case study about Vietnam attempts to give an example of understanding how small and medium sized states in South East Asia respond to the present-day great powers in the post- Cold War era. And how mainstream approaches in Western theory of international relations make sense in identifying foreign relation pattern of a South East Asia country-Vietnam

Experimental Design in Plasma Welding of SUS 304 Stainless Steel Thin Plates

Background: This research focuses on the evaluation of the independent influence and the bidirectional interaction of some welding parameters in butt welding for the SUS 304 stainless steel thin plates using the automatic plasma welding system (450 +/- Plasma, SP7Turmatic from Lincoln). Contribution: The findings will serve as a reliable background to design the mathematical model for the prediction of the tensile strength for the plasma welding of   steel SUS 304 thin plates in terms of the nomination of the optimal process for adopting the requirement in industry. Method: The welding setting is nominated for 04 main changing parameters, such as the peak current of welding (Ih, A); the background current of welding (Ib, A); the welding speed (vh, cm/min); the feeding rate of the welding wire (vc.d, cm/min); the diameter of the wire (d = 1.0 mm); and the flow rate of the shielding gas (Gk.p, 2.0 l/min). Mathematical statistics software ANOVA using to analyze the influence of the parameters on the tensile strength of the weld as the target function. Results:  The tensile strength of the plasma welding samples is about 650 MPa at the equivalent level of the other publications. This proved the reasonable welding setting for the preliminary investigation. Conclusion: Authors proved the nomination of the main plasma welding technological parameters, such as the peak current, the background current, the welding speed, and the feeding rate of the wire, is reasonable towards the maximum tensile strength, one of the important criteria in the weld performanc

Numerical solution of the problems for plates on some complex partial internal supports

In the recent works, Dang and Truong proposed an iterative method for solving some problems of plates on one, two and three line partial internal supports (LPISs), and a cross internal support. In nature they are problems with strongly mixed boundary conditions for biharmonic equation. For this reason the method combines a domain decomposition technique with the reduction of the order of the equation from four to two. In this study, the method is developed for plates on internal supports of more complex configurations. Namely, we examine the cases of symmetric rectangular and H-shape supports, where the computational domain after reducing to the first quadrant of the plate is divided into three subdomains. Also, we consider the case of asymmetric rectangular support where the computational domain needs to be divided into 9 subdomains. The problems under consideration are reduced to sequences of weak mixed boundary value problems for the Poisson equation, which are solved by difference method. The performed numerical experiments show the effectiveness of the iterative method

A fluid-structure coupling model for haemodynamics simulation of normal aortic valve

Fluid-structure interaction is the interaction of flexible structures with surrounding fluid flow. At systolic phase, the aortic valve’s deformation involves a strong interaction between the valve leaflets and blood flow. This paper models the aortic valve dynamics by developing a fluid-structure interaction simulation of coupling the computational fluid dynamics software FLU-ENT and the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. The model reduces the complexity of calculations by assuming that the valve suffered only transvalvular pressure during systole and performs data exchange between two codes via commercial pre-processing software. A valve geometry model is developed with the valve diameter of 23.5 mm, the leaflet height 10 mm and the leaflet thickness 0.2 mm. The interaction between the valve leaflets and surrounding blood flow results in a complex flow field due to the valve orifice variations during each heart beat. The results highlight an insight of dynamics of the aortic valve during systole. The haemodynamics of the aortic valve under fluid-structure interaction and shear stress distribution of the aortic valve during systolic phase are also discussed in detail

Simulation of haemodynamics for diseased bicuspid aortic valve – a numerical study

The bicuspid aortic valve is a congenital abnormality where two leaflets tie together resulting in a valve with bicuspid configuration instead of the normal tricuspid geometry. This study investigates haemodynamics of the diseased bicuspid aortic valve during systole by using numerical simulation. The numerical model has coupled computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis simulation to analyze fluid-structure interaction phenomena of the bicuspid aortic valve. The valve leaflets geometry has been developed with 12.5 mm height, 0.3 mm leaflet thickness and free edge angle of 40 degree. The valve diameter is 23.5 mm. The model has utilized the tie constraint to simulate the disorder condition of two leaflets fused together. The diseased bicuspid valve produces an obstacle to blood flow and results a decrease of blood flow in whole flow regime which could cause huge energy loss during each heart beat. This might induce high cyclic shear stress distribution and lead to other severe issues to the valve

Economic Instruments and the Pollution Impact of the 2006-2010 Vietnam Socio-Economic Development Plan

The current study derives optimal growth paths for pollution emission charges, in order to control future water pollution emissions in the Vietnamese manufacturing sector. The study builds on a prior study, which estimated the manufacturing sector pollution impact of the 2006- 2010 SEDP development plan for Vietnam (Jensen et al.; 2008). The current study demonstrates that effective implementation and moderate expansion of optimal emission charges, under certain conditions, could have been used, as part of the 2006-2010 SEDP development plan, to control pollution emissions at 2005 levels. Moreover, such a scenario would have been accompanied by a moderate expansion in fiscal revenues and a relatively minor economy-wide efficiency loss. The current study, therefore, suggests that effective implementation and gradual expansion of pollution emission charges should be incorporated into future SEDP development plans, in order to control pollution emissions as development progresses in Vietnam.Vietnam, manufacturing, CGE

Effect of deposition time on gold nanodendrite porous structure and on signals of Hg(II) in environment

The influences of deposition time (tdep) for Au nanodendrite preparation on carbon cloth electrodes on the surface structure, electrochemical behavior and voltammetric signal for Hg(II) detection have been studied. The obtained results showed that from 60 s to 300 s, the longer deposition time, the larger dendrite length as well as the more increased density of dendrite structure became. Calculated from data showed that the electroactive surface area approached to the maximum value of 3.686 cm2 with tdep = 300 s. The typical electrochemical behaviour of the prepared electrodes was mass transfer diffusion to the electrode surface and being considered as planar diffusion. Using DPASV technique, the peak height of Hg(II) could appoach to 52 µA with tdep = 60 s. Keywords. Gold nanodendrite, deposition time, surface structure, electrochemical properties, mercury

Preschool STEM Activities and Associated Outcomes: A Scoping Review

This review highlights the need for further investigation into the benefits of STEM activities in preschool children’s learning, girls’ engagement and learning of children with disabilities in the STEM field. The review process involved accessing 19 relevant studies from Scopus, ERIC and Google Scholar databases in March 2023. Through the synthesis of information from these studies, seven STEM activities were identified as effective in enhancing preschool children’s learning: educational robots, educational games, argumentative interactions, inquiry-based learning and engineering design, drawing and telling about engineers, free play and pretend play, and group membership. Each of these activities contributes to different learning outcomes for children. Moreover, the review emphasizes the importance of role-playing activities ‘as if’ engineers and scientists, facilitated by teachers, in fostering girls’ motivation and engagement in the STEM field from an early age. Long-term scientific interventions at home have a significant positive impact on the science literacy skills of deaf children. The implications of this review are particularly relevant for early childhood educators, as it provides valuable insights into the use of STEM activities to enhance children’s learning outcomes