The mandibular canal at the region of the molar teeth: an evaluation of cone beam volumetric tomography

Objectives: The aims of this study were: • to evaluate the exact level of the mandibular canal using Cone Beam Volumetric Tomography (CBVT) using measurements taken on images from the NewTom3G and i-CAT machines and manually • to determine the course of the mandibular canal in the regions of the first, second , and third molars • to compare the course of the mandibular canals bilaterally • to compare variables measured between the CBVT and panoramic units • to determine appropriate positions for the implant placement at the region of the mandibular molars in relation to the mandibular canal. Methods: Ten mandibles were selected, including seven edentulous and three dentate ones. They were marked at four positions from the distal border of the mental foramina in the posterior direction at intervals of 10.00 mm. On each dry mandible, at four sites namely M0, M1, M2, and M3, Gutta Percha (GP) points, known as markers, were attached to the mandible so that they were parallel to the midline of the mandible on both buccal and lingual sides. On the NewTom 3G and i-CAT, variables of cross-sectional images were measured from the alveolar crest of the mandible to the superior border of the mandibular canal (AC); the lingual rim of the canal to the lingual margin of the mandible (LC); the buccal rim of the canal to the buccal margin of the mandible (BC); the inferior rim of the canal to the lower border of the mandible (IC), and from the lingual margin to the buccal margin of the mandible (BW: Bone Width). Dry mandibles were subsequently sacrificed by cutting at the four marked sites. On each cross-section of mandibles, distances AC, BC, LC, IC, and BW were measured using a caliper as the manual measurement. IC distances on a conventional OrthophosIII panoramic machine were also measured to compare with the CBVT. Data were managed by Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and transferred to the software of Statistics Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0 for Windows for analysis. Data were presented as Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), and Mean Difference, and Standard Error of Mean (SEM) with decimal at 0.00. T-test and One-way ANOVA were used to analyse variables measured in which T-test was used to analyse variables with paired samples and One-way ANOVA was used with adjustment for multiple comparisons of Bonferroni. Statistical significance has an assumed P- value of 0.05 or less. Results: The findings showed that there was no significant difference among measured variables from the NewTom 3G, i-CAT and manual measurement (P>0.05). There was significant statistical difference between the Orthophos OPG machine and CBVT system (P=0.000.05). On average, Distances AC, BC, LC, and IC were obtained for reference purposes. The bone width of the mandible on the right side was slightly different from that on the left side. Conclusions: The findings implied CBVT was an accurate diagnostic tool for locating the course of the mandibular canal and for placing dental implants in the region of the mandibular molars. The course of the mandibular canal on the left and right sides was variable. The distances measured at the region of the first, second, and third mandibular molars should be considered as a valuable reference. The bone width of the mandible on the right and left sides was slightly different. The accuracy of the NewTom3G and i-CAT was superior to the panoramic Orthophos machine. However, a panoramic radiograph is still valuable in the daily dental clinic

Vietglish - A Reluctant Acceptance of the Close-Minded Literate Society

The portmanteau Vietglish refers to the combination of specific aspects belonging to both the Vietnamese language and the English language in particular ways, of which this paper will focus on two divisions. The first is a combination of English words in the day-to-day Vietnamese communication, signifying a lack of correct vocabulary. The speaker usually maintains the Vietnamese accents to keep the conversation mainly in Vietnamese, despite the difficulties that they have to deal with finding the lexicon needed. The other is the “incomplete” formation of Vietnamese conversation, mixing in English grammatical structures, making each sentence sound less “natural” to the mainland’s standard. Its existence was not very well-documented in comparison to the many similar counterparts, usually Western ones, like Spanglish (the mixture of Spanish and English) and Franglais (the mixture of French and English). However, there is one similarity that it shares with Spanglish—that is the reluctant acceptance, mostly tolerance and some hatred and demand for reverting back to the monolingual dialect, towards such a speech mixture. In the case for Vietglish, via online newspaper, blog forums, and the popular social media—Facebook, this blatant hatred comes from Vietnamese mainlanders who claim to protect the “sacred” language and those who claim it is a notion of an attack coming from the more educated—apparently to make those who are Vietnamese monolingual to be of great stupidity. I would like to argue against both these claims, stating that Vietglish is not a detriment to the Vietnamese language, nor is it an attack from the educated to put Vietnam in a state of neo-colonialism. Vietglish is a result of the nature of language learning, specifically on the incomplete acquisition aspect. I would also expand that Vietglish is relevant to the discussion of Orality, Literacy, and Illiteracy, based on the applications made from theoretical readings, like Walter Ong’s Orality and Literacy, Graham Furniss’s Orality: The Power of the Spoken Word, Abraham Acosta’s Orality and Literacy in Latin America: Threshold of Illiteracy, and Angel Rama’s The Lettered City, as well as references towards the usage of Vietglish in the current time. I would argue further that the existence of Vietglish is a potential empowering tool to be used for illiterate purposes in expanding what Vietnam can understand about the world

Environment and Other Problems in Construction Sector - Case of Vietnam Industrial Zones

The purpose of this paper is to address ENVIRONMENT AND OTHER PROBLEMS IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR - CASE OF VIETNAM INDUSTRIAL ZONES. In this paper, we suggest that Vietnam cities should have policies to encourage and give priority support to production and business establishments that apply clean and environmentally friendly technologies such as gas technology instead of coal technology, firewood in ceramic production, and charcoal production. Bees make use of the residues of buckwheat. High technology is a progressive and inevitable trend to solve environmental pollution in craft villages and industrial zones

Formation of Salmonella Typhimurium Biofilm Under Various Growth Conditions and its Sensitivity to Industrial Sanitizers

Master'sMASTER OF SCIENC