Des modèles du sujet pour éduquer à la responsabilité. Rôles de la conscience et de la méditation

International audienceEducation towards (moral) responsibility seems necessary for human future and concerns all types of education. It implies changes in subject’s functioning. Yet, implicit attitudes can hinder these changes; the subject is not fully aware of her/his thoughts and actions. Here, I thus propose answers to the following questions. What changes are to be promoted in a subject’s functioning, i.e. what are the goals of education towards responsibility? How does a subject function? And how to foster changes in a subject’s functioning patterns?In a first part, answering this first question, I give as a basis for a preliminary definition of responsibility the goal of fostering the subject’s control of her/his own functioning. In a second part, I propose a spontaneous model of the subject that explains the usual conscious experience. This model is essentially based on the “subject” word etymology, which according to me explains the common sense of subjective functioning. Then, I elaborate a model of subject that explains more accurately the subject’s functioning, based on scientific results. This leads to distinguish the notions of individual and of subject. This also reveals the usual phenomenology as being illusory. In a third part I discuss the theoretical consequences of this model with regard to education towards responsibility. Thus, the notion of control has to be replaced by the notion of regulation. Then, meditation appears as a privileged mean to operate the phenomenological change that is necessary for the subject to be conscious of her/his own functioning. This consciousness appears to be necessary to responsibility enhancement. In conclusion, I present educational perspectives and research scopes opened by these reflexions.Eduquer à la responsabilité est un enjeu majeur pour l'avenir de l'humanité et concerne toutes les « éducations à ». Cela implique des changements dans le fonctionnement des sujets. Or certaines attitudes implicites peuvent constituer des obstacles à de tels changements ; le sujet n'a pas une pleine connaissance de ses pensées et agissements. Le présent article propose donc des éléments de réponse aux questions suivantes. Quels changements favoriser, c.-à-d. quels buts viser pour une éducation à la responsabilité ? Comment fonctionne un sujet ? Comment favoriser des changements dans son fonctionnement ? Dans une première partie, j'aborde cette première question et pose comme base d'une définition préliminaire de la responsabilité le contrôle par le sujet de son propre fonctionnement. Dans une deuxième partie, je propose un modèle spontané du sujet, qui permet de comprendre l'expérience consciente ordinaire. Ce modèle est basé essentiellement sur l'étymologie du mot sujet, qui explique à mon avis la pensée commune sur le fonctionnement subjectif. Ensuite, en m'appuyant sur des résultats scientifiques, je construis un modèle élaboré du sujet qui permet d'expliquer d'une manière plus exacte le fonctionnement du sujet. Ceci me conduit à distinguer les notions d'individu et de sujet, ce qui révèle la phénoménologie ordinaire comme étant illusoire. Dans une troisième partie je discute les implications théoriques de cela en ce qui concerne l'éducation à la responsabilité. Ainsi, la notion de contrôle est remplacée par celle de régulation. Alors la méditation apparaît comme un moyen privilégié d'opérer le changement de phénoménologie nécessaire à la connaissance par le sujet de ses propres fonctionnements. Une telle évolution de conscience apparaît comme étant nécessaire au développement de la responsabilité. En conclusion, j'aborde les perspectives éducatives et de recherches ouvertes par ces réflexions

Les fleurs, les langues et Haudricourt

L’auteur revient sur le rôle joué dans l’œuvre d’Haudricourt par la transphono­logisation qui a fait de lui l’une des figures les plus importantes dans l’histoire de la recherche sur l’évolution des langues et ses causes. La recherche phonologique d’Haudricourt s’inscrit dans la conscience d’un fait historique et épistémologique essentiel : l’importance des phénomènes sonores dans l’histoire des langues.The author of this paper examines the role of transphonologization in Haudricourt’s work, which made Haudricourt a major figure in research on the evolution of languages and its causes. Haudricourt’s phonology research fits in with his awa­reness and appreciation of a crucial epistemological and historical fact: the impor­tance of voiced phenomena in the history of languages.Die phonologischen Forschungen eines Haudricourts wurzeln im Bewusstseins einer wesentlichen historischen wie auch epistemologischen Tatsache: die vor­ran­gige Bedeutung der Klangphenomene in der Geschichte der Sprachen

Linguistique générale

Programme de l’année 2008-2009 : La relation entre syntaxe et sémantique à la lumière de la typologie des langues. Programme de l’année 2009-2010 : Diversité des fonctions du langage et des langues

Pour un modèle socio-opératif en linguistique

Les opérations accomplies par le sujet humain parlant, ici conceptualisé comme « énonceur psychosocial », se déploient dans le cadre social d’une dialectique de contraintes et de libertés. Cette opérativité suit une chronie distincte du temps ordinaire, et qui est d’un ordre spécifique à la mise de la langue en discours. Les opérations ainsi caractérisées s’appliquent aux domaines du sens, traités cycliquement par le processus de décodage aussi bien que par celui d’encodage. Ainsi se bâtit une relation de communication linguistique dont la théorie socio-opérative tente de refléter au plus près la nature profonde.When speaking, a human being acts as a psychosocial entity caught amongst the dialectics of social constraints and individual freedom. The act of speaking, by which language is turned into discourse, and the time it takes for this process to take place cannot be measured by the same yardsticks as ordinary time. Meaning, which is characterised by the ongoing process of encoding and decoding, is at the heart of the matter. The purpose of a socialoperational theory of linguistic communication is to describe these phenomena as accurately as possible, in a way that is true to their fundamental nature

Sugar-induced changes in cellular and extracellular protein and glycoprotein patterns of sugarbeet cell lines

Plants sense carbohydrates and transduce a signal which changes gene expression and the activities of many enzymes. The relationship between changes in gene expression by carbohydrates and the developmental state of the cells is still poorly understood. To gain more knowledge about this relationship, we have analyzed three sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in vitro cell lines residing on distinct differentiation states. Cell suspensions were initiated and cells were incubated for 72h in the medium with sucrose as a control, or treated during the same period with glucose or 3-O-methylglucose (3OMG). Cellular and extracellular proteins, separated electrophoretically, showed that sugar-induced protein expression was cell line-specific. More differences were visible in extracellular and in glycoprotein than on cellular protein patterns. The 3OMG downregulated while glucose upregulated cellular glycoproteins. In the case of extracellular proteins, glucose and 3OMG were equally effective in both downregulation and upregulation of protein expression. Sialic acid was indicated as a glycan conjugate in sugar beet. Carbohydrate-induced gene expression was related to the developmental state of cells

Elaboration and TEM structural study of interfaces in composites produced by precipitation

Model ceramic matrix composites have been manufactured in a wide range of materials using the precipitation of a metal (Cu, Ni, Cr) in a ceramic matrix (nitride AIN or oxides MgO, Al2O3) providing, in each case low energy configurations at the heterophase interfaces. In connection to microelectronic applications, copper metallic particles precipitate in AIN after implantation by copper ions and anneal of the ceramic matrix. Faceted particles are imaged by HRTEM and are associated to a low energy structural and chemical configuration. Internal reduction experiments have been carried out on (Mg,Ni)O, (Mg,Cu)O and (Al,Cr)2O3 mixed oxides; the morphology, chemical composition and orientation relationship of the different precipitates are obtained through TEM observations and discussed in terms of interfacial energy and precipitate growth mechanism and kinetics. Conventional and high resolution TEM in conjonction to structural models have allowed a comprehensive description of the interface

Pynchon’s New Worlds

Introduction On the heels of Thomas Pynchon’s 80th birthday last May, the 2017 edition of International Pynchon Week, organized by Bénédicte Chorier-Fryd (University of Poitiers) and Gilles Chamerois (University of Western Brittany), was a chance to take stock of a more than fifty-year literary career. With more papers investigating Pynchon’s later novels—Against the Day (2006), Inherent Vice (2009), and Bleeding Edge (2013)—, the conference sought to map Pynchon’s “new worlds” as well as rei..

Pocket-sized focused cardiac ultrasound: Strengths and limitations

SummaryFocused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) has emerged in recent years and has created new possibilities in the clinical assessment of patients both in and out of hospital. The increasing portability of echocardiographic devices, with some now only the size of a smartphone, has widened the spectrum of potential indications and users, from the senior cardiologist to the medical student. However, many issues still need to be addressed, especially the acknowledgment of the advantages and limitations of using such devices for FCU, and the extent of training required in this rapidly evolving field. In recent years, an increasing number of studies involving FCU have been published with variable results. This review outlines the evidence for the use of FCU with pocket-echo to address specific questions in daily clinical practice

“Crochetage” (Notch) on R wave in inferior limb leads: A new independent electrocardiographic sign of atrial septal defect

AbstractObjectives. This study sought to determine the clinical significance of a “crochetage” pattern—a notch near the apex of the R wave in electrocardiographic (ECG) inferior limb leads—in secundum atrial septal defect.Background. Atrial septal defect is often overdiagnosed on the basis of classical clinical features. Thus, more specific signs on the ECG for screening are needed.Methods. We searched for a crochetage pattern in 1,560 older children and adults: 532 with secundum atrial septal defect, 266 with ventricular septal defect, 146 with pulmonary stenosis, 110 with mitral stenosis, 47 with cor pulmonale and 459 normal subjects.Results. This pattern was observed respectively in 73.1%, 35.7%, 23.3%, 6.4%, 10.6% and 7.4% of these groups (p < 0.001). In atrial septal defect, its incidence increased with larger anatomic defect (p < 0.0001) or greater left-to-right shunt (p < 0.0001), even in the presence of pulmonary hypertension. By multiple regression analysis, only shunt size (p < 0.0006) and defect location (p < 0.0001) were the determinants of its presence. In all groups, the specificity of this sign for the diagnosis was remarkably high when present in all three inferior limb leads (≥92%), even when comparison was limited to patients with an incomplete right bundle branch block (≥95.2%). Early disappearance of this pattern was observed in 35.1% of the operated-on patients although the right bundle branch block pattern persisted.Conclusions. A crochetage pattern of the R wave in inferior limb leads is frequent in patients with atrial septal defect, correlates with shunt severity and is independent of the right bundle branch block pattern. Sensitivity and specificity of this sign are remarkably high when it is associated with an incomplete right bundle branch block or present in all inferior limb leads