LTE-advanced self-organizing network conflicts and coordination algorithms

Self-organizing network (SON) functions have been introduced in the LTE and LTEAdvanced standards by the Third Generation Partnership Project as an excellent solution that promises enormous improvements in network performance. However, the most challenging issue in implementing SON functions in reality is the identification of the best possible interactions among simultaneously operating and even conflicting SON functions in order to guarantee robust, stable, and desired network operation. In this direction, the first step is the comprehensive modeling of various types of conflicts among SON functions, not only to acquire a detailed view of the problem, but also to pave the way for designing appropriate Self-Coordination mechanisms among SON functions. In this article we present a comprehensive classification of SON function conflicts, which leads the way for designing suitable conflict resolution solutions among SON functions and implementing SON in reality. Identifying conflicting and interfering relations among autonomous network management functionalities is a tremendously complex task. We demonstrate how analysis of fundamental trade-offs among performance metrics can us to the identification of potential conflicts. Moreover, we present analytical models of these conflicts using reference signal received power plots in multi-cell environments, which help to dig into the complex relations among SON functions. We identify potential chain reactions among SON function conflicts that can affect the concurrent operation of multiple SON functions in reality. Finally, we propose a selfcoordination framework for conflict resolution among multiple SON functions in LTE/LTEAdvanced networks, while highlighting a number of future research challenges for conflict-free operation of SON

Separation Framework: An Enabler for Cooperative and D2D Communication for Future 5G Networks

Soaring capacity and coverage demands dictate that future cellular networks need to soon migrate towards ultra-dense networks. However, network densification comes with a host of challenges that include compromised energy efficiency, complex interference management, cumbersome mobility management, burdensome signaling overheads and higher backhaul costs. Interestingly, most of the problems, that beleaguer network densification, stem from legacy networks' one common feature i.e., tight coupling between the control and data planes regardless of their degree of heterogeneity and cell density. Consequently, in wake of 5G, control and data planes separation architecture (SARC) has recently been conceived as a promising paradigm that has potential to address most of aforementioned challenges. In this article, we review various proposals that have been presented in literature so far to enable SARC. More specifically, we analyze how and to what degree various SARC proposals address the four main challenges in network densification namely: energy efficiency, system level capacity maximization, interference management and mobility management. We then focus on two salient features of future cellular networks that have not yet been adapted in legacy networks at wide scale and thus remain a hallmark of 5G, i.e., coordinated multipoint (CoMP), and device-to-device (D2D) communications. After providing necessary background on CoMP and D2D, we analyze how SARC can particularly act as a major enabler for CoMP and D2D in context of 5G. This article thus serves as both a tutorial as well as an up to date survey on SARC, CoMP and D2D. Most importantly, the article provides an extensive outlook of challenges and opportunities that lie at the crossroads of these three mutually entangled emerging technologies.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 201

Spatial and Social Paradigms for Interference and Coverage Analysis in Underlay D2D Network

The homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP) is widely used to model spatial distribution of base stations and mobile terminals. The same process can be used to model underlay device-to-device (D2D) network, however, neglecting homophilic relation for D2D pairing presents underestimated system insights. In this paper, we model both spatial and social distributions of interfering D2D nodes as proximity based independently marked homogeneous Poisson point process. The proximity considers physical distance between D2D nodes whereas social relationship is modeled as Zipf based marks. We apply these two paradigms to analyze the effect of interference on coverage probability of distance-proportional power-controlled cellular user. Effectively, we apply two type of functional mappings (physical distance, social marks) to Laplace functional of PPP. The resulting coverage probability has no closed-form expression, however for a subset of social marks, the mark summation converges to digamma and polygamma functions. This subset constitutes the upper and lower bounds on coverage probability. We present numerical evaluation of these bounds on coverage probability by varying number of different parameters. The results show that by imparting simple power control on cellular user, ultra-dense underlay D2D network can be realized without compromising the coverage probability of cellular user.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure

The Impact of Green Human Resource Management on Green Recovery Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model

The main idea of this paper is to highlight the importance of environmental sustainability along with importance of implementation of green human resource management practices within an organization. Mediating role of pro environmental behaviors between the relationship of green human resource management and green recovery performance is the focus of study. It also looks at the moderating effect of ethical leadership style to achieve enhanced green recovery performance. The approach used for this study is quantitative and deductive. The researcher collected data through an electronic questionnaire and personally administration from 10 industries selected as per convince from PBD. Hayes process was used to analyze the mediating effect. Two hundred and fifty responses used as a sample for this study. The results confirm the findings of previous\researches conducted in other cultures. It also confirms that pro environmental behavior mediates the relationship of green human resource management and green recovery performance, and the Ethical leadership style (ELP) not moderate the relationship between GHRM and GRP and between GHRM and PEB respectively. This research provides guidelines for the researchers, policy makers, and managers

Ownership Concentration and Firm Performance: Evidence from Pakistan

The current study aims to investigate the relationship between ownership concentration and firm performance. The study conducted the analysis on 262 non-financial listed firms on the Karachi stock exchange (KSE) for a time period of six years (2006-2011). The ownership concentration was measured through the percentage of shareholding by largest shareholder, five largest shareholders and ten largest shareholders, whereas firm performance was measured through market base performance parameters (Tobin’s Q) and accounting base performance parameter (ROA and ROE). The study employed multiple regression models to examine the relationship between ownership concentration and firm performance. The results revealed that ownership concentration has positive impact on firm performance for both accounting and market base performance parameters. The understanding of relationship dynamics of ownership concentration and firm performance helps investors and policy makers to better utilize the corporate governance internal control mechanisms for achieving the firm’s value maximization objective. Key Words: Ownership Concentration, Firm Performance, and Emerging Markets

Perancangan Klasifikasi Pemetaan Kelas Siswa Unggulan Menggunakan Metode K-Means Clustering Pada SMA Negeri 3 Tanjung Balai Berbasis Web

SMA Negeri 3 Tanjung Balai currently does not have a system that can classify students with high average scores, because previously the school grouped students into superior classes by checking the grades of the students one by one in a manual way with the number of large student data, therefore a system is needed in order to be able to classify students into superior classes based on existing criteria at the school such as student report scores, extracurricular, discipline, achievement and student creativity in a very easy way, without having to look at student data one by one . The process of designing this application uses the PHP programming language and database, with this system the school only inputs student scores into the system, and automatically the system will classify which students will enter the superior class, and the ordinary class. By using the k-means clustering algorithm and applied with a database technology called data mining, the clustering algorithm is one of the data mining techniques which in the process tries to partition existing data into clusters and data mining itself is a technology used to determine different data to support decision making, data that have the same in the same group and which will be grouped into other groups. Keywords: K-means clustering, Data mining, SMA Negeri 3 Tanjung Bala

Intracell interference characterization and cluster interference for D2D communication

The homogeneous spatial Poisson point process (SPPP) is widely used for spatial modeling of mobile terminals (MTs). This process is characterized by a homogeneous distribution, complete spatial independence, and constant intensity measure. However, it is intuitive to understand that the locations of MTs are neither homogeneous, due to inhomogeneous terrain, nor independent, due to homophilic relations. Moreover, the intensity is not constant due to mobility. Therefore, assuming an SPPP for spatial modeling is too simplistic, especially for modeling realistic emerging device-centric frameworks such as device-to-device (D2D) communication. In this paper, assuming inhomogeneity, positive spatial correlation, and random intensity measure, we propose a doubly stochastic Poisson process, a generalization of the homogeneous SPPP, to model D2D communication. To this end, we assume a permanental Cox process (PCP) and propose a novel Euler-Characteristic-based approach to approximate the nearest-neighbor distribution function. We also propose a threshold and spatial distances from an excursion set of a chi-square random field as interference control parameters for different cluster sizes. The spatial distance of the clusters is incorporated into a Laplace functional of a PCP to analyze the average coverage probability of a cellular user. A closed-form approximation of the spatial summary statistics is in good agreement with empirical results, and its comparison with an SPPP authenticates the correlation modeling of D2D nodes

Budgetary Consequences of the 7th NFC Award

The 7th NFC Award of 2009 has generally been recognised as a historic achievement of the present democratically elected government. Not only was consensus achieved after a gap of 12 years among the Federal and Provincial Governments but major strides have also been made in furthering the process of fiscal decentralisation in the country. The Federal Government will be transferring substantially more resources to the provinces by a major enhancement in the collective share of the latter from the divisible pool taxes. In addition, the provinces have agreed to a horizontal sharing formula that includes multiple criteria and promises greater fiscal equalisation in favour of the more backward provinces. Straight transfers have also been rationalised and the Federal Government has agreed to pay in instalments the substantial arrears that had accumulated under different heads

Spectral Efficiency Improvements in HetNets by Exploiting Device-to-Device Communications

Next generation cellular networks require huge capacity, ubiquitous coverage and maximum energy efficiency. In order to meet these targets, Device-to-device (D2D) communication is being considered for future heterogeneous networks (HetNets). In this paper, we consider a three tier hierarchical HetNet by exploiting D2D communication in traditional HetNet. D2D communication is deployed within the HetNet where closely located mobile users are engaged in direct communication without routing the traffic through cellular access network. The proposed configuration mandates to reduce the interference offered by the resultant HetNet by reducing the transmitter-receiver distance and ensuring that the mobile users are transmitting with adaptive power subject to maintaining their desired link quality. In this context, we analyzed and compared the spectral efficiency improvements in hierarchical HetNet against traditional HetNet. Simulation results show that D2D communication offers much higher spectral efficiency as compared to traditional HetNet

Formulation and characterization of Solid dispersion of Nisoldipine by Solvent Evaporation Method

The aim of this study is to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble drug Nisoldipine by formulating the solid dispersion with different water soluble carriers. This will improve the dissolution rate of antihypertensive drug, Nisoldipine. For this purpose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) k-25and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 were used as carriers and dispersion was carried out by solvent evaporation technique. Formulations were characterized by particle size analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), drug content determination and dissolution studies. The particle size was found in range of 43.52 - 45.12 ?m. FTIR studies showed the compatibility between drug and polymers. DSC study indicated that the drug was in amorphous form which results in better dissolution of the drug from the solid dispersion as compared to the pure drug and physical mixture. Dissolution studies indicated better release for solid dispersions and solubility was also increased 15 folds than pure drug. This could provide the formulation technology with a potential of increased bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug by increasing its dissolution rate. Keywords: Solid Dispersion, nisoldipine, solvent evaporation, PVP k-25, PEG-400