EXTRACTION-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SOME ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS USING TWO SULPHONPHTHALEIN DYES

Objective: Two simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been described for the determination of some antihypertensive drugs namely, bisoprolol (BIS), carvedilol (CAR), propranolol (PRP) and telmisartan (TLM) either in pharmaceutical formulations or biological fluids. Methods: The proposed methods involve the formation of yellow colored ion-pair complexes of the studied drugs with two sulphonphthalein dyes as bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromocresol purple (BCP) in acidic medium. Results: The colored products are extracted into methylene chloride and measured spectrophotometrically at 402 nm for all the drugs. Beer's law limits, Sandell sensitivity values, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values have also been reported for both the methods. The composition of the ion-pair complexes was found 1: 1 by Jobʼs continuous variations method. The effects of concentration of dye, pH and interference of excipients have been studied and optimized. The accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated on intra-day and inter-day basis; the relative standard deviation (RSD) was<1.72%. Various analytical parameters have been evaluated and the results have been validated by statistical data and indicated no significant difference in accuracy and precision. Conclusion: The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of the studied drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids. Keywords: Antihypertensive drugs, Sulphonphthalein dyes, Ion-pair, Pharmaceuticals

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ARIPIPRAZOLE, CLOZAPINE AND SULPIRIDE BY ION- PAIR EXTRACTIONIN IN TABLETS AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

Objective: Simple, sensitive and extraction-free spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of three antipsychotics drugs, namely aripiprazole (ARP), clozapine (CLP) and sulpiride (SUP) both in tablets and in biological fluids.Methods: Two spectrophotometric methods are based on the formation of yellow colored ion-pair complexes between the studied drugs and two sulphonphthalein acid dyes, bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromothymol blue (BTB) with absorption maxima at 408 and 406 nm, respectively.Results: Molar ratio of formed ion-pair complex was found to be 1:1 as deduced by Jobʼs method. Several parameters such as pH and buffer type, reagent volume, sequence of addition and effect of extracting solvent were optimized to achieve high sensitivity, stability, low blank reading and reproducible results. Various analytical parameters have been evaluated and the results have been validated by statistical data. A proposal for the reaction pathway was postulated.Conclusion: The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablets containing the drugs and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with reported methods. The proposed methods were further applied to the determination of the studied drugs in spiked human serum and urine. Â

Twelve-month observational study of children with cancer in 41 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

Childhood cancer is a leading cause of death. It is unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted childhood cancer mortality. In this study, we aimed to establish all-cause mortality rates for childhood cancers during the COVID-19 pandemic and determine the factors associated with mortality