Enhancing 2D Growth of Organic Semiconductor Thin Films with Macroporous Structures via a Small-Molecule Heterointerface

The physical structure of an organic solid is strongly affected by the surface of the underlying substrate. Controlling this interface is an important issue to improve device performance in the organic electronics community. Here we report an approach that utilizes an organic heterointerface to improve the crystallinity and control the morphology of an organic thin film. Pentacene is used as an active layer above, and m-bis(triphenylsilyl) benzene is used as the bottom layer. Sequential evaporations of these materials result in extraordinary morphology with far fewer grain boundaries and myriad nanometre-sized pores. These peculiar structures are formed by difference in molecular interactions between the organic layers and the substrate surface. The pentacene film exhibits high mobility up to 6.3 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1), and the pore-rich structure improves the sensitivity of organic-transistor-based chemical sensors. Our approach opens a new way for the fabrication of nanostructured semiconducting layers towards high-performance organic electronics.X116049Nsciescopu

A Wearable Wrist Band-Type System for Multimodal Biometrics Integrated with Multispectral Skin Photomatrix and Electrocardiogram Sensors

Multimodal biometrics are promising for providing a strong security level for personal authentication, yet the implementation of a multimodal biometric system for practical usage need to meet such criteria that multimodal biometric signals should be easy to acquire but not easily compromised. We developed a wearable wrist band integrated with multispectral skin photomatrix (MSP) and electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors to improve the issues of collectability, performance and circumvention of multimodal biometric authentication. The band was designed to ensure collectability by sensing both MSP and ECG easily and to achieve high authentication performance with low computation, efficient memory usage, and relatively fast response. Acquisition of MSP and ECG using contact-based sensors could also prevent remote access to personal data. Personal authentication with multimodal biometrics using the integrated wearable wrist band was evaluated in 150 subjects and resulted in 0.2% equal error rate ( EER ) and 100% detection probability at 1% FAR (false acceptance rate) ( PD.1 ), which is comparable to other state-of-the-art multimodal biometrics. An additional investigation with a separate MSP sensor, which enhanced contact with the skin, along with ECG reached 0.1% EER and 100% PD.1 , showing a great potential of our in-house wearable band for practical applications. The results of this study demonstrate that our newly developed wearable wrist band may provide a reliable and easy-to-use multimodal biometric solution for personal authentication

Effectiveness of interventions to involve patients and families in patient safety activities: A systematic review

This research is a systematic review to identify the types of interventions for patients and families to improve patient safety and effectiveness of them. The interventions that promote patient and family involvement in patient safety activities were reviewed

HyperCLOVA X Technical Report

We introduce HyperCLOVA X, a family of large language models (LLMs) tailored to the Korean language and culture, along with competitive capabilities in English, math, and coding. HyperCLOVA X was trained on a balanced mix of Korean, English, and code data, followed by instruction-tuning with high-quality human-annotated datasets while abiding by strict safety guidelines reflecting our commitment to responsible AI. The model is evaluated across various benchmarks, including comprehensive reasoning, knowledge, commonsense, factuality, coding, math, chatting, instruction-following, and harmlessness, in both Korean and English. HyperCLOVA X exhibits strong reasoning capabilities in Korean backed by a deep understanding of the language and cultural nuances. Further analysis of the inherent bilingual nature and its extension to multilingualism highlights the model's cross-lingual proficiency and strong generalization ability to untargeted languages, including machine translation between several language pairs and cross-lingual inference tasks. We believe that HyperCLOVA X can provide helpful guidance for regions or countries in developing their sovereign LLMs.Comment: 44 pages; updated authors list and fixed author name

Modeling of Urban Freight Deliveries; Operational Performance at the Final 50 Feet

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2021The demand for goods and services is rapidly increasing in cities, in part due to the rise in online shopping and more varied delivery options. Cities around the world are experiencing an influx of goods pickup and delivery activities. The movement of goods within urban areas can be very constraining with high levels of congestion and insufficient curb spaces. Pick-up and delivery activities, specifically those that are out of vehicle activities, encompass a significant portion of urban goods movement and inefficient operations can negatively impact the already highly congested areas and truck dwell times. This dissertation aims to provide insights and data-driven approaches to support freight plans in various cities around the globe with a focus on urban freight deliveries. To accomplish this goal, this dissertation first proposes to discover the current delivery process at the final 50 feet by creating value stream maps that summarize the flow of delivery activities and times, time variations between activities. The map will be based on the data collected from five freight-attracting buildings in downtown Seattle. Secondly, this research explores contributing factors associated with dwell time for commercial vehicles by building regression models. Dwell time, in this study, is defined as the time that delivery workers spend performing out-of-vehicle activities while their vehicle is parked. Finally, this dissertation predicts total time spent at the final 50 feet of delivery, including dwell times and parking-related times through discrete event simulations for various "what if" delivery scenarios. Multi-objective simulation-based optimization algorithms were further used to discover the optimal numbers of parking and building resources (e.g. number of on and off-street parking capacity, number of security guards or receptionists). This aims to better understand how increased deliveries in urban cities can impact the cost distributions between city planners, building managers, and delivery workers. This will also identify the areas for improvement in terms of infrastructure and resources to better prepare for the future delivery demands based on various scenarios

Fractionating Selection History: Dissociable Components of Experience-Driven Attention

The classical view of attentional control suggests that attentional selection is guided by physical salience and task goals. Selection history, which refers to attentional selection of stimuli an observer has previously interacted with, has challenged the dichotomised view and advocates attentional selection independent of physical salience and task goals. Research to date has identified different components of selection history, including (1) reward history (2) punishment history and (3) history as a repeated target, but how these components relate and influence attentional selection remains unclear. Across five experiments, we demonstrate that although these components of selection history share a similar behavioural profile, they rely on distinct learning and neural mechanisms. Specifically, reward and punishment history are shaped by a common associative learning mechanism and recruit the dopaminergic midbrain structures, supporting the motivational salience account which suggests that attention prioritises relevance-for-survival regardless of a particular emotional valence. In contrast, history as a repeated target develops via an instrumental learning mechanism and the corresponding attentional priority is afforded by enhanced representations in the visual areas. Such dissociation between reward and punishment history on one hand and history as a repeated target on the other provides compelling evidence that the three components of selection history comprise unique sources of attentional bias that independently influences the attentional system

Real-Time Mobile Emotional Content Player Using Smartphone Camera-Based PPG Measurement

A real-time mobile content player was developed that can recognize and reflect emotions in real time using a smartphone. To determine effective awareness, a photoplethysmogram (PPG), which is a biological signal, was measured to recognize emotional changes in users presented with content intended to induce an emotional response. To avoid the need for a separate sensor to measure the PPG, PPG signals were extracted from the red (R) values of images acquired by the rear camera of a smartphone. To reflect an emotion, the saturation (S) and brightness (V) levels, which are related to the ambience of a content, are changed to reflect the emotional changes of the user within the content itself in real time. Arousal- and relaxation-inducing scenarios were conducted to validate the effectiveness. The samplet-test results show that the average peak-to-peak interval (PPI), which is the time interval between the peaks of PPG signals, was significantly low when viewing the content under the arousal-inducing scenario as compared to when watching regular content, and it was determined that the emotion of the user was led to a state of arousal. Ten university students (five males and five females) participated in the experiment. The users had no cardiac disease and were asked not to drink or smoke before the experiment. The average PPI was significantly higher when the content was viewed in the relaxation-inducing scenario compared to regular content, and it was determined that the emotion of the user was induced to a state of relaxation. The designed emotional content player was confirmed to be an interactive system, in which the video content and user concurrently affect each other through the system.</jats:p