A single-electron inverter

A single-electron inverter was fabricated that switches from a high output to a low output when a fraction of an electron is added to the input. For the proper operation of the inverter, the two single-electron transistors that make up the inverter must exhibit voltage gain. Voltage gain was achieved by fabricating a combination of parallel-plate gate capacitors and small tunnel junctions in a two-layer circuit. Voltage gain of 2.6 was attained at 25 mK and remained larger than one for temperatures up to 140 mK. The temperature dependence of the gain agrees with the orthodox theory of single-electron tunneling.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures (1 color), to be published in Appl. Phys. Let

Negative differential resistance due to single-electron switching

We present the multilevel fabrication and measurement of a Coulomb-blockade device displaying tunable negative differential resistance (NDR). Applications for devices displaying NDR include amplification, logic, and memory circuits. Our device consists of two Al/Al$_{x}$O$_{y}$ islands that are strongly coupled by an overlap capacitor. Our measurements agree excellently with a model based on the orthodox theory of single-electron transport.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures; submitted to AP

High field CdS detector for infrared radiation

New and highly sensitive method of detecting infrared irradiation makes possible solid state infrared detector which is more sensitive near room temperature than usual photoconductive low band gap semiconductor devices. Reconfiguration of high field domains in cadmium sulphide crystals provides basis for discovery

High field CdS detector for infrared radiation

An infrared radiation detector including a cadmium sulfide platelet having a cathode formed on one of its ends and an anode formed on its other end is presented. The platelet is suitably doped such that stationary high-field domains are formed adjacent the cathode when based in the negative differential conductivity region. A negative potential is applied to the cathode such that a high-field domain is formed adjacent to the cathode. A potential measuring probe is located between the cathode and the anode at the edge of the high-field domain and means are provided for measuring the potential at the probe whereby this measurement is indicative of the infrared radiation striking the platelet

Validity of 24-h Void Duration as an Indicator of Hydration Status

Context: Few user-friendly hydration assessment techniques exist for the general population to use on a daily basis. Objective: This study evaluated 24-h urine duration as a valid indicator of hydration status. Design:For two trials, subjects voided into a large, medical grade container at the first urge to void. For the other two trials, subjects voided at any level of urgency they desired. Participants were given a stopwatch and asked to record the duration of each void to the nearest whole second, voiding at a “normal”, unforced pace. Specific order of the trials was randomized and counter-balanced. Setting: Materials were distributed and returned to the Human Performance Laboratory at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Participants collected their voids outside of the laboratory. Participants: 13 males and 18 females volunteered for this study (Age=23± 9y, Body Mass=25.1±4.1kg). Interventions: The intervention was hydration status, euhydrated versus dehydrated. For the dehydrated trials, participants were given 500 mL of water and asked to only drink that during the 24-h collection period. For the euhydrated trials, fluid consumption was encouraged. Participants were instructed to void into the container at the first urge to void during one of the euhydrated trials and one of the dehydrated trials. For the other euhydrated and dehydrated trials, the participants voided at free will (i.e., ad libitum). The participants were asked to draw a straight line on the container at the level of urine, mark the urge to void, and the duration of each void. The hydration status of each sample was classified by urine specific gravity (USG) as either euhydrated (USG \u3c1.020) or dehydrated (USG ≥ 1.020). Results: USG was different in the euhydrated and dehydrated trials (1.012 ± .004 versus 1.023 ± .003 for first urge and 1.012 ± .004 versus 1.024 ± .003 for ad libitum urge, respectively; p\u3c0.05). For both the first urge and ad libitum trials, individual voids were longer when euhydrated versus dehydrated (19 ± 5s versus 15 ± 6s for first urge and 20± 5s versus 16 ± 3s for ad libitum urge, p\u3c.05). Total duration of all voids over 24-h were longer in the euhydrated compared to the dehydrated trials (133 ± 84s versus 61 ± 45s, p\u3c.0001 for first urge and 149 ± 93s versus 64 ± 52s, p\u3c.0001 for ad libitum urge). Duration was not affected by void urgency when voiding in a euhydrated (P=0.208) and dehydrated (P=.097) state. Conclusions: This data suggests that over 24-h, healthy adults tend to void for a longer period of time when they are hydrated compared to dehydrated, regardless if voiding at first urge or ad libitum. These findings validate 24-h urine duration as a valid and simple indicator of hydration status for the general public

What and how: doing good research with young people, digital intimacies, and relationships and sex education

© 2020, © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. As part of a project funded by the Wellcome Trust, we held a one-day symposium, bringing together researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, to discuss priorities for research on relationships and sex education (RSE) in a world where young people increasingly live, experience, and augment their relationships (whether sexual or not) within digital spaces. The introduction of statutory RSE in schools in England highlights the need to focus on improving understandings of young people and digital intimacies for its own sake, and to inform the development of learning resources. We call for more research that puts young people at its centre; foregrounds inclusivity; and allows a nuanced discussion of pleasures, harms, risks, and rewards, which can be used by those working with young people and those developing policy. Generating such research is likely to be facilitated by participation, collaboration, and communication with beneficiaries, between disciplines and across sectors. Taking such an approach, academic researchers, practitioners, and policymakers agree that we need a better understanding of RSE’s place in lifelong learning, which seeks to understand the needs of particular groups, is concerned with non-sexual relationships, and does not see digital intimacies as disconnected from offline everyday ‘reality’

Stress Fractures of the Elbow in the Throwing Athlete: A Systematic Review.

Background: Stress fractures of the elbow are rare in throwing athletes and present a challenge from both a management and rehabilitation perspective. Although the incidence of stress fractures of the elbow is increasing, there is a lack of data in the literature focused on throwers. Purpose: To evaluate studies regarding the management and outcomes of stress fractures of the elbow in throwing athletes. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching the Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library electronic databases to identify studies reporting on the management and outcomes of stress fractures in overhead-throwing athletes. Management data included nonoperative and operative modalities, and outcome data included return to play, encompassing the timing and level of activity. Studies were excluded if the stress fracture of the elbow was not a result of a sport injury attributed to throwing or if the study failed to report whether an athlete returned to play. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this analysis. There were 52 patients in total (50 male, 2 female) with a mean age of 19.7 years (range, 13-29.1 years). The olecranon was the most common location of the stress fracture (51 patients; 98.1%), followed by the distal humerus (1 patient; 1.9%). The majority of patients (n = 40; 76.9%) were treated operatively. Of the 40 patients who were treated surgically, 14 (35.0%) underwent a period of conservative treatment preoperatively that ultimately failed because of persistent nonunion or continued elbow pain. A total of 50 patients (96.2%) returned to sport either at or above their preinjury level. Of the 2 patients (3.8%) who did not return to sport, 1 did not return because of continued elbow pain postoperatively, and the other was lost to follow-up. Complications occurred in 9 patients (17.3%), all of whom were treated surgically. Conclusion: On the basis of this systematic review, the majority of elbow stress fractures were treated operatively and approximately one-third after a period of failed nonoperative management. The return-to-sport rate was high. Further, higher level studies are needed to optimize management and return-to-sport rates in this population

A Glimpse Inside: Considering the Impact of Curriculum Outcomes and Personal Ideology on Social Studies Pedagogy: A Study Summary

This article summarizes the research findings of a Master of Education thesis that aimed to find meaningful answers to the following central question: To what extent, if any, are there pedagogical differences between Social Studies educators who self-identify as ‘liberal’ or ‘conservative’? This study explored how those who self-identify as being on the left (liberal) of the so-called political spectrum would deliver specific social studies curriculum and conversely, how those who identify as being on the political right (conservative) would deliver course content. Ultimately, these questions will serve to present a clear understanding of the extent of political liberties taken by public school social studies teachers, their implications and potential impact on student learning and political understandings