Tetra­aqua­bis(biuret-κ2 O,O′)gadolinium(III) trichloride

In the title compound, [Gd(C2H5N3O2)2(H2O)4]Cl3, which is isostrucutural with its yttrium analogue, the Gd3+ ion (site symmetry 2) is bonded to eight O atoms (arising from two O,O′-bidentate biuret mol­ecules and four water mol­ecules) in a distorted square-anti­prismatic arrangement. A network of N—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds helps to establish the packing, leading to a three-dimensional network. One of the chloride ions has site symmetry 2

Tetra­aqua­bis(biuret-κ2 O,O′)yttrium(III) trichloride

In the title compound, [Y(C2H5N3O2)2(H2O)4]Cl3, the Y3+ ion (site symmetry 2) is bonded to eight O atoms (arising from two O,O′-bidentate biuret mol­ecules and four water mol­ecules) in a distorted square-anti­prismatic arrangement. A network of N—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds help to establish the packing, leading to a three-dimensional network. One of the chloride ions has site symmetry 2

Hydroxonium triaqua­bis(biuret-κ2 O,O′)dichloridolanthanum(III) dichloride dihydrate

In the title compound, (H3O)[LaCl2(C2H5N3O2)2(H2O)3]Cl2·2H2O, the La atom is bonded to seven O atoms (arising from two O,O′-bidentate biuret mol­ecules and three water mol­ecules) and two chloride ions in an irregular arrangement. A network of N—H⋯O, N—H⋯Cl, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds helps to establish the packing, leading to a three-dimensional network. The La atom, one Cl atom and four O atoms lie on a crystallographic mirror plane

Robust Strong Stabilization via Modified Popov Controller Synthesis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57860/1/StrongStabPopovTAC1994.pd

Use of CCSDS Packets Over SpaceWire to Control Hardware

For the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Command and Data Handling subsystem consisted of several electronic hardware assemblies that were connected with SpaceWire serial links. Electronic hardware would be commanded/controlled and telemetry data was obtained using the SpaceWire links. Prior art focused on parallel data buses and other types of serial buses, which were not compatible with the SpaceWire and the core flight executive (CFE) software bus. This innovation applies to anything that utilizes both SpaceWire networks and the CFE software. The CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems) packet contains predetermined values in its payload fields that electronic hardware attached at the terminus of the SpaceWire node would decode, interpret, and execute. The hardware s interpretation of the packet data would enable the hardware to change its state/configuration (command) or generate status (telemetry). The primary purpose is to provide an interface that is compatible with the hardware and the CFE software bus. By specifying the format of the CCSDS packet, it is possible to specify how the resulting hardware is to be built (in terms of digital logic) that results in a hardware design that can be controlled by the CFE software bus in the final applicatio

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Command and Data Handling Flight Electronics Subsystem

A document describes a high-performance, modular, and state-of-the-art Command and Data Handling (C&DH) system developed for use on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission. This system implements a complete hardware C&DH subsystem in a single chassis enclosure that includes a processor card, 48 Gbytes of solid-state recorder memory, data buses including MIL-STD-1553B, custom RS-422, SpaceWire, analog collection, switched power services, and interfaces to the Ka-Band and S-Band RF communications systems. The C&DH team capitalized on extensive experience with hardware and software with PCI bus design, SpaceWire networking, Actel FPGA design, digital flight design techniques, and the use of VxWorks for the real-time operating system. The resulting hardware architecture was implemented to meet the LRO mission requirements. The C&DH comprises an enclosure, a backplane, a low-voltage power converter, a single-board computer, a communications interface board, four data storage boards, a housekeeping and digital input/output board, and an analog data acquisition board. The interfaces between the C&DH and the instruments and avionics are connected through a SpaceWire network, a MIL-STD-1553 bus, and a combination of synchronous and asynchronous serial data transfers over RS-422 and LVDS (low-voltage differential-signaling) electrical interfaces. The C&DH acts as the spacecraft data system with an instrument data manager providing all software and internal bus scheduling, ingestion of science data, distribution of commands, and performing science operations in real time