Reseña de la investigación sobre efectividad de los maestros en Africa, América Latina, Filipinas, India, Malasia, Medio Oriente y Tailandia : síntesis de resultados

Versión en inglés disponible en la Biblioteca Digital del IDRC: Review of teacher effectiveness research in Africa, India, Latin America, Middle East, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand : synthesis of result

Review of teacher effectiveness research in Africa, India, Latin America, Middle East, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand : synthesis of results

Originally produced as IDRC-MR10Spanish version available in IDRC Digital Library: Reseña de la investigación sobre efectividad de los maestros en Africa, América Latina, Filipinas, India, Malasia, Medio Oriente y Tailandia : síntesis de resultado

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Theoretical and empirical aspects of the money supply process in the Lebanon.

The early pages of this thesis present a theoretical study of the theory of money supply. The theoretical analysis has been developed in order to show the importance of money supply and to emphasise the relationship between the monetary base and the controlability of money supply. This thesis argues that the changes in the Lebanese money supply are dependent on the activities of the Bank of Lebanon, the commercial banks, the public, and the foreign sector. A macro-economic model has been developed so as to include these activities and to show their influence on the money supply in the Lebanon through the adjusted monetary base and the money multipliers; short-run and long-run multiplier. The empirical work of my thesis (1965-1974) is an investigation showing the link between the monetary base which is dependent on changes in commercial banks' reserves and their net foreign assets, and the money multipliers in the Lebanon. According to my empirical results, both the short-run and the long-run money multipliers have an elasticity of less than one, and changes in commercial banks' net foreign assets are dependent on and responsive to changes in the Lebanese balance of payments, and less responsive to changes in the differences between the Euro-dollar rates and the Bank of Lebanon discount rates. The last sections of this thesis argue that monetary policy in the Lebanon has not been used efficiently by the Bank of Lebanon in order to control the expansion in the adjusted monetary base for the period 1965-1974. The Bank of Lebanon must have a certain strategy for controlling the monetary expansion; one of the suggested methods is the establishment of a strong government bond market so as to enable the Bank of Lebanon to make use of open-market operations in order to control the monetary base and money supply

Theoretical and empirical aspects of the money supply process in the Lebanon.

The early pages of this thesis present a theoretical study of the theory of money supply. The theoretical analysis has been developed in order to show the importance of money supply and to emphasise the relationship between the monetary base and the controlability of money supply. This thesis argues that the changes in the Lebanese money supply are dependent on the activities of the Bank of Lebanon, the commercial banks, the public, and the foreign sector. A macro-economic model has been developed so as to include these activities and to show their influence on the money supply in the Lebanon through the adjusted monetary base and the money multipliers; short-run and long-run multiplier. The empirical work of my thesis (1965-1974) is an investigation showing the link between the monetary base which is dependent on changes in commercial banks' reserves and their net foreign assets, and the money multipliers in the Lebanon. According to my empirical results, both the short-run and the long-run money multipliers have an elasticity of less than one, and changes in commercial banks' net foreign assets are dependent on and responsive to changes in the Lebanese balance of payments, and less responsive to changes in the differences between the Euro-dollar rates and the Bank of Lebanon discount rates. The last sections of this thesis argue that monetary policy in the Lebanon has not been used efficiently by the Bank of Lebanon in order to control the expansion in the adjusted monetary base for the period 1965-1974. The Bank of Lebanon must have a certain strategy for controlling the monetary expansion; one of the suggested methods is the establishment of a strong government bond market so as to enable the Bank of Lebanon to make use of open-market operations in order to control the monetary base and money supply

A review of teacher effectiveness research in Africa, India, Latin America, Middle East, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand : Synthesis of results

128 hal.; 26 cm

تحليل الجسور الخرسانية المسبقة الإجهاد المنشأة بالطريقة الظفرية في مرحلة الاستثمار

يعرض هذا البحث خوارزمية حسابية مقترحة لتحليل التشوهات التابعة للزمن في الجسور المبنية بالطريقة الظفرية وذلك باستخدام المعامل الفعال المعدل ومبدأ التراكب في تحليل تشوهات زحف البيتون، ومن ثم حساب القوى الإضافية التي تسببها هذه التشوهات. وتم الاعتماد على الخوارزمية المقترحة  لإنشاء برنامج كمبيوتر يقوم بحساب هذه التشوهات والذي تم استخدامه لتحليل جسر "Kędzierzyn-Koźle"  المنشأ في بولندا، وقد أظهرت النتائج أهمية القوى الناتجة عن التشوهات التابعة للزمن  وضرورة أخذها بعين الاعتبار عند التصميم