Avoiding chronic and transitory poverty

This paper uses a panel data of 347 households in Egypt to measure changes in household consumption between 1997 and 1999 and to identify causes behind the changes. Per capita consumption decreased for the households during this time and, while not dramatic, it occurred at all points along the distribution. Over the two-year period, the number of households that fell into poverty was over twice as large as the number of households that climbed out of poverty. About two-thirds of overall poverty was chronic (average consumption over time was below the poverty line), and almost half of all poor were always poor. We use quantile regression methods to identify the factors that explain total, chronic, and transitory poverty. While our analysis ably documents the extent of transitory poverty, it does not explain well the determinants of this type of poverty. The predominantly chronic nature of poverty in the sample, and our ability to identify associated characteristics, strengthens the case for targeting antipoverty interventions such as food subsidies.Household consumption. ,Poverty Egypt. ,Poverty Research Methodology. ,Poverty alleviation Egypt. ,Subsidies Egypt. ,Food relief Egypt. ,Households Egypt. ,

Avoiding chronic and transitory poverty

This paper uses a panel data of 347 households in Egypt to measure changes in household consumption between 1997 and 1999 and to identify causes behind the changes. Per capita consumption decreased for the households during this time and, while not dramatic, it occurred at all points along the distribution. Over the two-year period, the number of households that fell into poverty was over twice as large as the number of households that climbed out of poverty. About two-thirds of overall poverty was chronic (average consumption over time was below the poverty line), and almost half of all poor were always poor. We use quantile regression methods to identify the factors that explain total, chronic, and transitory poverty. While our analysis ably documents the extent of transitory poverty, it does not explain well the determinants of this type of poverty. The predominantly chronic nature of poverty in the sample, and our ability to identify associated characteristics, strengthens the case for targeting antipoverty interventions such as food subsidies.Household consumption. ,Poverty Egypt. ,Poverty Research Methodology. ,Poverty alleviation Egypt. ,Subsidies Egypt. ,Food relief Egypt. ,Households Egypt. ,

Stability Analyses for Porous Convection Including Second Sound Effects

We investigate various models of thermal convection in a fluid saturated porous medium of both Darcy and Brinkman types. The linear instability and global (unconditional) nonlinear stability thresholds are analysed. Analytical solutions and numerical solutions are obtained by employing the $D^2$ Chebyshev tau and compound matrix techniques, and we investigate the effect that the inertia term and other physical parameters have on the stability of the system. The thesis is split into two parts. In PartI we consider a coupled model of thermal convection in a fluid saturated porous material and theories of viscous fluid motion which allows heat to travel as a wave. This is discussed in the first three chapters. In Chapter 2 the instability mechanism is investigated in complete detail and it is shown that stationary convection is likely to prevail under normal terrestrial conditions, but if the thermal relaxation time is sufficiently large there is a possible parameter range which allows for oscillatory convection. However, the presence of the Guyer-Krumhansl terms has the effect of damping the oscillatory convection and returning the instability mechanism to one of stationary convection. In Chapter 3 the constitutive equation for the heat flux is governed by a couple of the Guyer-Krumhansl equations and the Cattaneo-Fox law. In particular, we study the effects of the Guyer-Krumhansl terms on oscillatory convection. It is found that for a certain range of the Guyer-Krumhansl coefficient stationary convection occurs while changing the range results in oscillatory convection. Numerical results quantify this effect. The thermal instability in a Brinkman porous medium incorporating fluid inertia for both free--free and fixed--fixed boundaries is considered in Chapter 4. We have incorporated the Cattaneo--Christov theory in the onstitutive equation for the heat flux. For fixed surfaces, the results are generated by using the $D^2$ Chebyshev tau method. The results reveal that employing the Cattaneo--Christov theory has a pronounced effect in determining the convection instability threshold. Part II concerns the effect of an anisotropic permeability on thermal instability in the modelling problems of thermal convection of Darcy type with and without the inclusion of an inertia term, which represented the last three chapters. In Chapter 5 we allow a non-zero inertia term and also allow the permeability to be an anisotropic tensor. For particular numerical results we consider the case when the vertical component of the permeability tensor is variable. Linear instability results are calculated numerically and it is proved that the nonlinear energy stability bound is the same as the linear one. We perform the linear instability and nonlinear stability analysis, in the case where the inertial term vanishes, to investigate the effect of anisotropy with rotation on the stability thresholds in Chapter 6, showing that the nonlinear critical Rayleigh numbers coincide with those of the linear analysis. The results reveal that the inclusion of the inertial term for this model can play an important role on the onset of convection in Chapter 7

Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network for Continuous Oxygen Tank’s Level Detection

Wireless sensor network technology is considered as one of the modern technologies that are used in a lot of areas to measure physical, chemical or environmental variables because of their low of cost and high efficiency in data transmission. This project aims to design a wireless sensor network that will be used to measure pressure or level of Oxygen gas inside the Oxygen tanks that are found in different places in hospitals in order to overcome the problem of the manual checking of tanks level, which may cause a lot of problems because of the lack of accuracy measurement and the absence of a continuous monitoring from the control room. The designing of this project will be based on the concept of multi-hop wireless sensor network using XBee modules. XCTU software will be used to update and configure XBee modules and PROCESSING software will be used to develop a program that reads data from XBee and show it in interactive way on the screen

ANALYSE MULTI FRACTALE DES ÉCHOS RADAR PAR LA MÉTHODE DES MAXIMUMS DES MODULES DE LA TRANSFORMÉE EN ONDELETTE (MMTO) 2D POUR LES SITES DE BORDEAUX (FRANCE), SÉTIF (ALGÉRIE) : APPLICATION À L'ÉLIMINATION DES ÉCHOS PARASITES

International audienceIn this work, the 2D-WTMM multifractal approach was applied to analysis the radar echoes, and to identify the unwanted echoes coming from terrestrial surface. With this intention, we considered radar images taken from two areas where different climates and relief prevail. We showed that almost Anaprops are characterized by a monofractal spectrum contrary to the echoes of precipitations which present a multifractal character. Moreover, we showed that the Holder coefficient and the combination of the spectrum mode and density of skeleton per pixel present robust factors to discriminate between the two types of echoes. Indeed, the unwanted echoes are practically eliminated at 98 per cent whereas the echoes of precipitation are almost preserved at 98,2 per cent. Also, we showed that the error between the measured intensity on the ground and the estimated intensity after treatment of the unwanted echoes does not exceed 5% for the Sétif site. Because the computation time is three minutes, the radar images can be processed in real-time.Dans le présent travail, l'approche MMTO-2d est appliquée pour l'analyse multi fractale des échos radar et l'identification des échos parasites en provenance de la surface terrestre. Pour ce faire, nous avons considéré des images radar prises dans deux régions où prévalent des climats et des reliefs différents. Il s'agit des sites de Sétif (Algérie) et Bordeaux (France). Nous avons montré que la plupart des Anaprops sont caractérisés par un spectre monofractal contrairement aux échos de précipitations qui présentent un caractère multi fractal. En outre, nous avons montré que le coefficient d'Holder ou la combinaison mode du spectre et densité de squelette par pixel se présentent comme des facteurs robustes de discrimination entre les deux types d'échos. En effet, les échos parasites sont pratiquement éliminés à 98% alors que les échos de précipitation sont quasiment conservés à 98,2%. Aussi, nous avons montré que l'erreur entre l'intensité mesurée au sol et estimée après traitement des échos parasites ne dépasse pas 5% pour le site de Sétif. Etant donné que le temps de traitement est égal à trois minutes, les images radar peuvent être traitées en temps réel

An Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Viscosity of Foam at Different Temperatures

Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the School of Engineering at the University of Aberdeen for providing the required facilities to complete this research; and the financial support from The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland (RIG70732). Ahmed Bashir would like to thank the Faculty of Engineering University of Khartoum, Sudan for the financial support of his studies at the University of AberdeenPeer reviewedPostprin

Developing a Thermally Stable Ester-Based Drilling Fluid for Offshore Drilling Operations by Using Aluminum Oxide Nanorods

Funding: This work was supported by an Institutional Links grant, ID 352343681, under the Newton–Mosharafa Fund partnership. The grant is funded by the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, and Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) and delivered by the British Council. For further information, please visit www.newtonfund.ac.uk. Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) support was under the grant No. (30894). Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the School of Engineering at the University of Aberdeen for providing the required facilities to complete this research. In addition, the authors would like to thank the support from MI-SWACO in providing commercial emulsifiers and consumables used in this project.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Considering the Shrinking Physical, Social, and Psychological Spaces of Rohingya Refugees in Southeast Asia

Refugees experience shrinking social, economic, political, and physical spaces at astonishing rates. However, these shrinking spaces are challenging to trace simultaneously and are rarely considered in policymaking or analysis. Using the Rohingya case study, this paper implores policy analysis to include these spaces, conceptually categorizing them into physical, social, and psychological spaces. Here we chronologize the plight of Rohingya refugees and identify how their spaces have changed over time. Our findings reveal four primary causal relationships linked to Rohingya refugees\u27 fluctuating spaces, including: (I) Bangladesh\u27s policy framework has kept the Rohingya largely isolated, yet their public-private partnerships have expanded their space; (ii) Bangladesh has a robust social policy framework, which has contributed to expanding refugees\u27 spaces; (iii) Myanmar\u27s foreign policy framework contributed to justifying war crimes, severely restricting Rohingya\u27s space, and (iv) The lack of a social policy framework in Myanmar lead to a severe lack of protection mechanisms for the Rohingya

Gated Recurrent Units for Blockage Mitigation in mmWave Wireless

Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) communication is susceptible to blockages, which can significantly reduce the signal strength at the receiver. Mitigating the negative impacts of blockages is a key requirement to ensure reliable and high throughput mmWave communication links. Previous research on blockage mitigation has introduced several model and protocol based blockage mitigation solutions that focus on one technique at a time, such as handoff to a different base station or beam adaptation to the same base station. In this paper, we address the overarching problem: what blockage mitigation method should be employed? and what is the optimal sub-selection within that method? To address the problem, we developed a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model that is trained using periodically exchanged messages in mmWave systems. We gathered extensive amount of simulation data from a commercially available mmWave simulator, show that the proposed method does not incur any additional communication overhead, and that it achieves outstanding results in selecting the optimal blockage mitigation method with an accuracy higher than 93%. We also show that the proposed method significantly increases the amount of transferred data compared to several other blockage mitigation policies