Power Contracts: Provably Complete Power Leakage Models for Processors

The protection of cryptographic software implementations against power-analysis attacks is critical for applications in embedded systems. A commonly used algorithmic countermeasure against these attacks is masking, a secret-sharing scheme that splits a sensitive computation into computations on multiple random shares. In practice, the security of masking schemes relies on several assumptions that are often violated by microarchitectural side-effects of CPUs. Many past works address this problem by studying these leakage effects and building corresponding leakage models that can then be integrated into a software verification workflow. However, these models have only been derived empirically, putting in question the otherwise rigorous security statements made with verification. We solve this problem in two steps. First, we introduce a contract layer between the (CPU) hardware and the software that allows the specification of microarchitectural side-effects on masked software in an intuitive language. Second, we present a method for proving the correspondence between contracts and CPU netlists to ensure the completeness of the specified leakage models. Then, any further security proofs only need to happen between software and contract, which brings benefits such as reduced verification runtime, improved user experience, and the possibility of working with vendor-supplied contracts of CPUs whose design is not available on netlist-level due to IP restrictions. We apply our approach to the popular RISC-V IBEX core, provide a corresponding formally verified contract, and describe how this contract could be used to verify masked software implementations

Fault-Resistant Partitioning of Secure CPUs for System Co-Verification against Faults

To assess the robustness of CPU-based systems against fault injection attacks, it is necessary to analyze the consequences of the fault propagation resulting from the intricate interaction between the software and the processor. However, current formal methodologies that combine both hardware and software aspects experience scalability issues, primarily due to the use of bounded verification techniques. This work formalizes the notion of $k$-fault resistant partitioning as an inductive solution to this fault propagation problem when assessing redundancy-based hardware countermeasures to fault injections. Proven security guarantees can then reduce the remaining hardware attack surface to consider in a combined analysis with the software, enabling a full co-verification methodology. As a result, we formally verify the robustness of the hardware lockstep countermeasure of the OpenTitan secure element to single bit-flip injections. Besides that, we demonstrate that previously intractable problems, such as analyzing the robustness of OpenTitan running a secure boot process, can now be solved by a co-verification methodology that leverages a $k$-fault resistant partitioning. We also report a potential exploitation of the register file vulnerability in two other software use cases. Finally, we provide a security fix for the register file, verify its robustness, and integrate it into the OpenTitan project

Značaj dikrocelioze u zdravstvenoj problematici koza i ovaca

Distomatosis are acute and chronical diseases caused by fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum,. They originated are at pasture areas where lived intermediate host of parasites, snail of genus Zebrina, Hellicela and etc. and ants of genus Formica and Proformica. They usually spread at small ruminants and cattle. Distomatosis is zoonotic diseases.Dikrocelioza je akutno ili hronično oboljenje, izazvano malim metiljem Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Pojava i održavanje oboljenja vezani su za pašne uslove držanja životinja, koje se odvija na terenima gde postoje uslovi za razvoj prelaznih domaćina pužića iz rodova Zebrina, Hellicela i dr. i mrava iz rodova Formica and Proformica. Najraširenija je kod ovaca, koza i goveda. Dikrocelioza je zoonoza

Modulation of Antioxidant Potential with Coenzyme Q10 Suppressed Invasion of Temozolomide-Resistant Rat Glioma In Vitro and In Vivo.

The main reasons for the inefficiency of standard glioblastoma (GBM) therapy are the occurrence of chemoresistance and the invasion of GBM cells into surrounding brain tissues. New therapeutic approaches obstructing these processes may provide substantial survival improvements. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of lipophilic antioxidant coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to increase sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) and suppress glioma cell invasion. To that end, we used a previously established TMZ-resistant RC6 rat glioma cell line, characterized by increased production of ROS, altered antioxidative capacity, and high invasion potential. CoQ10 in combination with TMZ exerted a synergistic antiproliferative effect. These results were confirmed in a 3D model of microfluidic devices showing that the CoQ10 and TMZ combination is more cytotoxic to RC6 cells than TMZ monotherapy. In addition, cotreatment with TMZ increased expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes in RC6 cells. The anti-invasive potential of the combined treatment was shown by gelatin degradation, Matrigel invasion, and 3D spheroid invasion assays as well as in animal models. Inhibition of MMP9 gene expression as well as decreased N-cadherin and vimentin protein expression implied that CoQ10 can suppress invasiveness and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in RC6 cells. Therefore, our data provide evidences in favor of CoQ10 supplementation to standard GBM treatment due to its potential to inhibit GBM invasion through modulation of the antioxidant capacity

Quantile: Quantifying Information Leakage

The masking countermeasure is very effective against side-channel attacks such as differential power analysis. However, the design of masked circuits is a challenging problem since one has to ensure security while minimizing performance overheads. The security of masking is often studied in the t-probing model, and multiple formal verification tools can verify this notion. However, these tools generally cannot verify large masked computations due to computational complexity.We introduce a new verification tool named Quantile, which performs randomized simulations of the masked circuit in order to bound the mutual information between the leakage and the secret variables. Our approach ensures good scalability with the circuit size and results in proven statistical security bounds. Further, our bounds are quantitative and, therefore, more nuanced than t-probing security claims: by bounding the amount of information contained in the lower-order leakage, Quantile can evaluate the security provided by masking even when they are not 1-probing secure, i.e., when they are classically considered as insecure. As an example, we apply Quantile to masked circuits of Prince and AES, where randomness is aggressively reused

Paramfistomoza koza

Paramphistomosis is a parasitic disease that in goats and rarely cause P.cervi and P.microbothrium. During the investigations conducted in the period 2012-2014 at several locations in Serbia, the prevalence ranged from 2.75-15.43%. Adult parasites were localized in the rumen and reticulum, immature in the duodenum or abomazus. Acute or intestinal pharamphistomosis occurs in young animals. It is caused by juvenile forms of the parasite. It occurs acute necrotizing hemorrhagic duodenitis, usually 2 -3 weeks after infection. The lining of the pyloric and duodenal rennet are edematous, catarrhal with bloody mucus, and a large number of parasites. Blood vessels are overfilled with blood. Diagnosis is made by stool examination and autopsy and histological examination determination by Nesmark-in.Paramfistomoza je parazitsko obolenje koje kod koza uzrokuju P.cervi a rede i P.microbothrium. Tokom istraživanja radenih u periodu 2012-2014 na više lokaliteta u Srbiji, prevalenca je varirala od 2.75-15.43%. Odrasli paraziti su lokalizovani u rumenu i retikulumu, nezreli u duodenumu ili abomazusu. Akutna ili crevna paramfistomoza se javlja kod mladih životinja. Izazivaju je juvenilni oblici parazita. Nastaje akutni nekroticni hemoragicni duodenitis, najčešće 2 -3 nedelje po infekciji. Sluznica pilorusa sirista i duodenuma su edematozne, kataralne sa krvavom sluzi i velikim brojem parazita. Krvni sudovi su prepunjeni krvlju. Dijagnoza se postavlja koprološkim pregledom i obdukcijom a determinacija histološkim pregledom po Nesmark-u

Značaj šuge u zdravstvenoj problematici koza

Scabies is a contagious skin disease, usually chronic course, characterized by itching and skin changes. For scabies can be said to be one of the most common skin disease ectoparasites. Goat scabies were caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. capra, Chorioptes bovis var.caprae and Psoroptes equi var. caprae. The most importance mite in goats was sarcoptes while psoroptes, and chorioptes mite less significant. This paper presents three types of mange, describing mites and its pathological actions and measures of prevention and control.Šuga koza je kontagiozno oboljenje, većinom hroničnog toka, koje se karakteriše svrabom i kožnim promenama. Za šugu možemo reći da predstavlja jedno od najčešćih ektoparazitskih oboljenja koza. Šugu koza uzrokuju Sarcoptes scabiei var. capra, Chorioptes bovis var.caprae i Psoroptes equi var. caprae. Kod koza je najznačajnija sarkoptes šuga, dok su psoroptes i horioptes šuga manje značajne. U radu je dat prikaz sve tri vrste šuge sa opisom uzročnika i patološkim delovanjem kao i merama preventive i terapije

Plućna strongilidoza malih preživara

Pulmonary strongylidosis of small ruminants is a parasitosis caused by multiple species of nematodes of the genus Dictyocaulus and Protostrongylus. The development of the parasite, depending on the species can be direct or going through the home - slugs. Infection occurs in the pasture where goats eat infective larvae or infected transitional hosts. , Adults and larvae of the aforementioned genera parasitic in the lungs. Apart from the direct action of a pathological lung diseases strongylide transmitted over pigs bacterial and viral etiology.Plućna strongilidoza malih preživara je parazitoza uzrokovana sa više vrsta nematoda iz roda Dictyocaulus i Protostrongylus. Razvoj parazita, zavisno od vrsta može biti direktan ili ide preko domaćina - puževa golaća. Infekcija nastaje tokom paše kada koze pojedu infektivne larve ili zaražene prelazne domaćine. Adulti i larve svih navedenih rodova parazitiraju u plućima. Sem direktnog patološkog delovanja plućne strongilide prenose više obolenja svinja bakterijske i virusne etiologije