Hummingbird oil she breast: Testimony and Resistance in Vincentian Redemption Songs

Negro Slavery Described by a Negro: Being the Narrative of Ashton Warner (1831), Shake Keanes The Angel Horn (2005) and H. Nigel Thomass Spirits in the Dark (1993) witness to the communities and individuals who have resisted colonialism in St. Vincent. Frantz Fanon and Stuart Hall shape the analysis of how these works demonstrate that the degradation of human beings by the imperial project is overturned by the creole culture that very undertaking has made possible. Warner testifies to the use of the British legal and political systems in support of an African derived selfhood. The Angel Horn creates solidarity with the plight of Vincentians and promises renewal through the creolization of Indigenous and non-native cultures. Spirits in the Dark appropriates syncretic religious rites to redress the alienation of a modern queer Black Caribbean. Vincentian testimonies to the creation of agency out of the cultural shards of colonialism result