Investigation of room temperature multispin-assisted bulk diamond 13C hyperpolarization at low magnetic fields

In this work we investigated the time behavior of the polarization of bulk 13C nuclei in diamond above the thermal equilibrium. This nonthermal nuclear hyperpolarization is achieved by cross relaxation between two nitrogen related paramagnetic defect species in diamond in combination with optical pumping. The decay of the hyperpolarization at four different magnetic fields is measured. Furthermore, we use the comparison with conventional nuclear resonance measurements to identify the involved distances of the nuclear spin with respect to the defects and therefore the coupling strengths. Also, a careful look at the linewidth of the signal give valuable information to piece together the puzzle of the hyperpolarization mechanism

Show me the money: the impact of funding on entrepreneurship education at German universities

This article examines the current characteristics of Entrepreneurship Education (EE) at German universities. We first assess the degree of alignment between course objectives and corresponding contents on an individual course level. As a result, we find a low degree of alignment. In the second part of our analysis we show that the German universities in our sample predominantly use internal funds for their EE courses (75%), followed by external state funding (12%) which mostly stems from German federal sources. Moreover, a third of the sample shows a funding mix, with the majority attracting half of their budget from one or two external sources. In the final part of our analysis we assess the implication of the funding type on the design of EE and are able to show characteristic course profiles for two funding types. Overall, this article demonstrates that types of funding are key drivers for EE design, a fact that hitherto has not been accounted for

Contingency factors on university spin-off formation: an empirical study in Germany

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate contingency factors on the emergence of university spin-off firms. The institutional and organisational factors the paper explores comprise the transfer potential of the university, the strategy and characteristics of the University Technology Transfer Organisations and specific support for spin-off formation. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a unique data set, this cross-sectional study analyses the population of 54 higher education institutions in Germany. At this, 31.4 per cent of the German universities with technology transfer activities participated in this study. Findings – The research identifies a high degree of heterogeneity in the qualification of University Technology Transfer Offices (UTTO) staff and the existence of an entrepreneurship support programme as important antecedents of spin-off formation. In addition, the results reveal that pursuing different or multiple transfer strategies will not be detrimental to the establishment of spin-offs. Practical implications – It seems that there is still a lack of consensus with respect to the importance of spin-offs as an effective channel to transform research results into economic value. Furthermore, universities aiming at the promotion of spin-offs need appropriate regulations which do not jeopardise the usage of research outcomes for entrepreneurial purposes. Originality/value – This study contributes to enhance the knowledge on what promotes and inhibits the formation of university spin-off firms, as it first analyses a considerable population of UTTOs in Germany and explicitly considers underexplored and new contingency factors