MOESM1 of Improvement of the pharmacological activity of menthol via enzymatic β-anomer-selective glycosylation

Additional file 1. Structural elucidation, LC–MS and HR-ESIMS data of (−)-menthol β-glucoside, (−)-menthol β-galactoside, and (−)-menthol N-acetylglucosamine. Lineweaver–Burk plot of (−)-menthol glucosylation by BLC with respect to menthol (Figure S1). LC–MS analysis of (−)-menthol glycosylation reaction by BLC with UDP-d-galactose (Figure S2) and UDP-d-N-acetylglucosamine (Figure S3). 1H NMR spectra of synthesized (−)-menthol α-glucoside and (−)-menthol β-glucoside (Figure S4). 1H and 13C NMR spectra of (−)-menthol β-glucoside (Figure S5) and (−)-menthol β-galactoside (Figure S6) prepared by BLC-catalyzed glycosylation reactions. HMBC data of the menthol glucoside and menthol galactoside prepared by BLC-catalyzed glycosylation reactions (Figure S7). Topical cooling test (Table S1)

Genkwalathins A and B, new lathyrane-type diterpenes from <i>Daphne genkwa</i>

<p>Screening for new natural anti-neuroinflammatory compounds was performed with the traditional folk medicine Genkwa Flos, which potently inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production by LPS-activated microglial BV-2 cells. Two new lathyrane-type diterpenes, genkwalathins A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), and 14 known daphnane-type diterpenes (<b>3</b>–<b>16</b>) were isolated. The lathyrane-type diterpenes were isolated for the first time from the Thymelaeaceae family in this study. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> moderately inhibited LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 cells without affecting cell viability, while six daphnane-type diterpenes (<b>3</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>6</b>, <b>7</b>, <b>9</b> and <b>10</b>) potently reduced NO production with IC₅₀ values less than 1 μM, although they did display weak cytotoxicity. A structure–activity relationship study on the daphnane-type diterpenes indicated that the stereochemistry at C-19, the benzoate group at C-20, and the epoxide moiety could be important for their anti-neuroinflammatory effects.</p

Clinical and pleural fluid characteristics in patients with pleural infection.

<p>Clinical and pleural fluid characteristics in patients with pleural infection.</p

Eriocaulon sexangulare L.

原著和名: オホシラタマホシクサ科名: ホシクサ科 = Eriocaulaceae採集地: 沖縄県 西表島 カンピラ滝 (琉球 西表島 カンピラ滝)採集日: 1986/12/9採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH006192国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-95619

Comparisons of baseline and clinical characteristics according to origin of infection and culture status.

<p>Comparisons of baseline and clinical characteristics according to origin of infection and culture status.</p

Comparisons of antibiotics treatment according to origin of infection and culture status.

<p>Comparisons of antibiotics treatment according to origin of infection and culture status.</p

Univariate analysis for risk factors of 30-day mortality in patients with pleural infection according to origin of infection and culture positivity.

<p>Univariate analysis for risk factors of 30-day mortality in patients with pleural infection according to origin of infection and culture positivity.</p

A flowchart of patient enrollment.

<p>A total of 502 patients were initially recruited. Following the exclusion of 81 patients, 421 patients were finally included in this study. These were classified into two groups, according to whether cultures were positive or negative. The 164 culture-positive patients were further divided into two groups (single isolates or polymicrobial infection). TB = Tuberculosis, NTM = Nontuberculous mycobacterium.</p

Comparison of microbiology in Asian studies.

<p>Comparison of microbiology in Asian studies.</p