CURRENT STATUS OF ICTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF TUNGA RIVER AT MANDAGADDE BIRD SANTUARY, SHIVAMOGGA, KARNATAKA, INDIA

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study was to find out the diversity of fishes of Tunga river at Mandagadde bird sanctuary.Methods: The fishes were collected with the help of fisherman by repeated netting from selected localities during the study period from April to October 2016.  Fishes were photographed at first for documentation of the fresh color and then preserved in 10% formalin. Systematic identification of fish species were carried out by using the standard keys.Results: A total of 16 species of fishes belonging to 4 orders, 8 families and 12 genera were recorded from the study area. Six species sighted in family Cyprinidae. Channidae, Cichlidae and Siluridae were represented by two species each. Families Bagridae, Heteropneustidae, Notopteridae and Schilbeidae had only a single species each.Conclusion: This study highlights the rich concentration of fish species, economically important and of high commercial value.Keywords: Icthyofauna, Mandagadde bird sanctuary, Conservation status, Shivamogga, Karnatak

DIVERSITY, OCCURRENCE AND ABUNDANCE OF ODONATES OF TUNGA RIVER BANK, ADJOINING FIELDS AND CULTIVATED LANDS IN SHIVAMOGGA DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA, INDIA.

ABSTRACTObjective: The major objective of this study was to find out the diversity, occurrence and abundance odonates of Shivamogga at two localities viz. Tunga river bank, adjoining fields and cultivated landsMethods: Odonates were sampled for a period of five months from July to November 2016. Field observations were made once in a week. Odonates were observed, captured, identified and released immediately at the spot of capture. The Odonates which were difficult to identify in the field were collected as voucher specimens using a hand net. The dead specimens were kept in insect collection box. Odonates were identified by using field guides and hand book of common odonates of central India.Results: A total of 29 species of odonates belonging to 7 families and 24 genera were recorded from the study area. 14 species of dragonflies and 15 species of damselflies were recorded and identified. 13 species of dragonflies sighted in the family Libellulidae, while Aeshnidae was represented by a single species.  Nine species of damselflies sighted in family Coenagrionidae. Family Chlorocyphidae was represented by three species, while Platycnemididae, Lestidae and Calopterygidae were represented by single species each.Conclusion: The present investigation shows that, the study area host a number of odonates. Due to different anthropogenic activities the odonates diversity is in declining mode. This study would serve as a frame of reference for future initiatives in studying odonates diversity. Keywords: Odonates, dragonflies, damselflies, Shivamogga, Karnatak

Phytoplankton Community Composition in Gowrikere Tank Anandapura, Sagara, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India

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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE FROM HABENARIA INTERMEDIA D.DON FOR EVALUTION OF HEPATOPROTECITVE ACTIVITY AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN ALBINO RATS

 Objective: Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolite from Habenaria intermedia D Don for assessment of hepatoprotecitve activityagainst carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats.Methods: The phenolic constituents present in ethanolic fraction of tubers of H. intermedia was isolated by column chromatography usinggradient elution technique. The isolated phenolic compound was characterized by infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectralanalysis. The isolated compound was screened for hepatoprotecitve activity against liver toxicity induced in Albino rats by intraperitonealinjection of CCl4. Albino rats weighing 150-200 g were randomly divided in to four groups of six rats each. Group I served as normal control andreceived only 1% tween in distilled water. Group II served as a negative control and received CCl4 in liquid paraffin at the dose of 0.7 ml/kg.p.o.CCl4 on alternate days. Group III and IV were intoxicated with CCl4 0.7 ml/kg.p.o. before the administration of silymarin 100 mg/kg.p.o. andisolated phenolic constituent (gallic acid) in polyethylene glycol at the dose of 25 mg/kg.p.o. respectively. Various liver function biochemicalparameters such as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT); serum bilirubin and totalprotein were assessed before and after treatment to investigate the hepatoprotecitve activity. Histopathology of liver sections of rats treated withisolated phenolic constituents was also studied.Results: It was observed that in CCl4 intoxicated group SGPT, SGOT, serum bilirubin levels were elevated, and the total protein content wasdecreased when compared to the control group. Administration of isolated phenolic constituent at the dose of 25 mg/kg.p.o. reduced thesepathological damages caused by CCl4 intoxication compare to normal, and silymarin treated groups. The results were further supported byhistopathology of isolated phenolic constituent treated rat liver, which showed the presence of normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis andfatty infiltration.Conclusion: The present study has justified that the isolated phenolic constituent (gallic acid) exhibited significant hepatoprotecitve potential againstCCl4 induced toxicity in Albino rats, thus enabling to expand the spectrum of novel hepatoprotecitve formulations.Keywords: Habenaria intermedia, Gallic acid, Hepatoprotecitve, Carbon tetrachloride toxicity, Silymarin