Implikasi Pemberlakuan Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) PT. Exxon Mobil Oil Indonesia Di Aceh Utara

This research aims to find about the implications of CSR are implemented by ExxonMobil towards in North Aceh. ExxonMobil has operations in North Aceh since 1968 and became Cooperation Contract between Pertamina and also LNG Japan. ExxonMobil is one of the multinational companies which in this case is not performing CSR as provided by law.This research used concepts on CSR, which is proposed by John Elkington is very relevant to the case discussed in this research. This research shows that ExxonMobil has long operated in North Aceh not contribute to enhancing the quality of life in North Aceh even cause imbalance, besides it also ExxonMobil has damaged the environment and also the residence of the people of Aceh. People are also threatened his health with ExxonMobil exploration activities are not friendly environmentally

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Information channel diagrams: an approach for modelling information flows

In this article, the ‘information channel diagram' (ICD) approach is introduced as a diagrammatical tool for modelling information flow during the delivery phase of organisations in which goods are deployed or delivered to customers. An initial review and evaluation of current tools for modelling information flow will be conducted based on the characteristics of information flow during the delivery phases in organisations. Diagrammatic primitives and a prescribed modelling methodology for developing an ICD will be presented, and a case scenario of the delivery phase of an organisation within the health care sector will be applied to demonstrate the use of the ICD. The article concludes by discussing some applications, generalisation potential and limitations of the ICD approa