31 research outputs found

    Phase Transformations of Metallorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition Processed Alumina Coatings Investigated by In Situ Deflection

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    Phase transformations of Al2O3 films, deposited by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition from aluminium tri-isopropoxide on AISI 301 stainless steel, were investigated using an original technique of deflection associated with X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The samples were first oxidized at 1123 K in air to obtain a 0.9 m thick Cr2O3 protective oxide film on one side of the samples. Then, 1 m thick amorphous Al2O3 films were deposited on the opposite side at 823 K and 2 kPa. The deflection of such dissymmetrical samples was recorded during anisothermal treatments, consisting in slow heating to 1173 K in Ar atmosphere. The coefficient of thermal expansion of both the Cr2O3 and the amorphous Al2O3 films was determined to be 710−6 K−1 and 14.7 10−6 K−1, respectively. Crystallization kinetics of amorphous to mainly –Al2O3 become significant at temperatures equal or greater than 983 K. Transformation of metastable Al2O3 to –Al2O3 is initiated below 1173 K. It is demonstrated that deflection is a powerful tool for investigating the behavior of thin films deposited on a substrate and especially to reveal transformations occurring in these films during heat-treatments

    Experimental and ab initio infrared study of χ-, κ- and α-aluminas formed from gibbsite

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    χ-, κ- and α-alumina phases formed by dehydration of micro-grained gibbsite between 773 and 1573 K are studied using infrared spectroscopy (IR). The structural transitions evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD) were interpreted by comparing IR measurements with ab initio simulations (except for the χ form whose complexity does not allow a reliable simulation). For each phase, IR spectrum presents specific bands corresponding to transverse optical (TO) modes of Al-O stretching and bending under 900 cm-1. The very complex χ phase, obtained at 773 K, provides a distinctive XRD pattern in contrast with the IR absorbance appearing as a broad structure extending between 200 and 900 cm-1 resembling the equivalent spectra for γ-alumina phase. κ-alumina is forming at 1173 K and its rich IR spectrum is in good qualitative agreement with ab initio simulations. This complexity reflects the large number of atoms in the κ-alumina unit cell and the wide range of internuclear distances as well as the various coordinances of both Al and O atoms. Ab initio simulations suggest that this form of transition alumina demonstrates a strong departure from the simple pattern observed for other transition alumina. At 1573 K, the stable α-Αl2Ο3 develops. Its IR spectra extends in a narrower energy range as compared to transition alumina and presents characteristics features similar to model α-Αl2Ο3{dot operator} Ab initio calculations show again a very good general agreement with the observed IR spectra for this phase. In addition, for both κ- and α-Αl2Ο3, extra modes, measured at high energy (above 790 cm-1 for κ and above 650 cm-1 for α), can originate from either remnant χ-alumina or from surface mode

    De l'élaboration aux propriétés des couches de zircone (mécanismes de stabilisation de la phase quadratique)

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    L un des objectifs de la thèse, fondamental, consiste à mieux comprendre le rôle de divers paramètres, à savoir les contraintes internes et la chimie, sur la stabilisation de la phase quadratique métastable, et sa transformation en la phase monoclinique stable, au sein de films minces de zircone déposés par MOCVD. Concernant le paramètre contraintes internes, un modèle a été proposé afin d expliquer leur rôle. Il se base sur un effet couplé entre les contraintes internes de compression et la taille des cristallites en relation avec la taille critique de transformation de phases, notion largement évoquée dans la bibliographie. Pour le second paramètre, la chimie, l étude menée s est intéressée plus particulièrement aux rôles du substrat sous-jacent et de l oxygène. Il est apparu que la couche d oxydes interfaciale créée lors de la phase de préchauffage avant le dépôt a un rôle important sur la croissance du film de zircone. Lorsqu on se penche sur le rôle de l oxygène il semble agir comme catalyseur de la transformation qui se produit plus aisément en atmosphère riche en oxygène. D autre part, la stabilisation de la phase quadratique dans les films minces de zircone déposés par MOCVD est, comme dans le cas des films naturels, associée à un écart à la stœchiométrie avec défaut d oxygène. L autre objectif de cette thèse, industriel quant à lui, vise à développer, depuis la conception jusqu à la construction, un nouveau réacteur MOCVD. Ce nouveau réacteur a permis d élaborer des couches de zircone purement quadratique sur plusieurs micromètres d épaisseur, une première d après nos connaissances.One of the objectives of this thesis, fundamental, is to clarify the understanding of the role of various parameters, internal stresses and chemistry, on the stabilization of the metastable tetragonal phase, and its transformation into the stable monoclinic phase within zirconia thin films deposited by OMCVD. Concerning the stress parameter, a model has been proposed to explain its role. It is based on a coupling between the internal compressive stresses and the crystallite size in regard to the critical size of the phase transformation, notion widely discussed in the literature. For the second parameter, the chemistry, the study was particularly focused on the substrate and oxygen roles. It became clear that the interfacial oxide layer, formed during the heating phase prior to the deposition, had an important role on the growth of zirconia film. Concerning the oxygen influence, it is suggested that, it acts as a catalyst for the phase transformation which occurs more easily in oxygen-rich atmosphere. Besides, the tetragonal phase stabilization in the zirconia thin films deposited by OMCVD is, as in the case of natural layers formed by oxidation, oxygen sub-stoichiometric. The other objective of this thesis, industrial however, consisted in the conception and construction of a new OMCVD reactor. This new reactor allowed us to develop purely tetragonal zirconia layers whose thickness reaches several micrometers. According to our knowledge, it is worth noting that it has not been realised before.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Caractérisation microstructurale et mécanique de films céramiques déposés par PVD et MOCVD sur substrats céramiques

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    L'OBJECTIF DE CETTE ETUDE ETAIT DE METTRE AU POINT L'ELABORATION DE FILMS DE FERROELECTRIQUES PAR MOCVD ET DE LES CARACTERISER D'UN POINT DE VUE MICROSTRUCTURAL ET MECANIQUE. NEANMOINS, PENDANT LA MISE AU POINT DU REACTEUR MOCVD, NOUS AVONS D'ABORD ETUDIE DES FILMS ELABORES PAR PCM. LES TECHNIQUES DE DEPOT SONT D'ABORD PRESENTES AINSI QU'UNE SYNTHESE SUR LES ESSAIS DE MICRO-INDENTATION VICKERS ET DE NANO-INDENTATION BERKOVITCH UTILISES COMME MOYEN DE CARACTERISATION MECANIQUE. VIENT ALORS L'ETUDE CONSACREE A LA MICROSTRUCTURE DE FILMS DE PB0,9LA0,1TIO3 (PLT) DEPOSES PAR PCM SUR SRTIO3 (STO) AVEC OU SANS INTERCOUCHE D'YBA2CU3O7 (YBCO) ET UNE COMPARAISON EST FAITE ENTRE LES COMPORTEMENTS SOUS INDENTATION DE CES DIFFERENTS SYSTEMES. LA DURETE AINSI QUE LES MODULES D'YOUNG DES FILMS ET DES SUBSTRATS ONT ETE DETERMINES ET IL EST APPARU QUE L'INTERCOUCHE D'YBCO AMELIORE LA TENUE MECANIQUE SOUS INDENTATION. UN PARALLELE ENTRE CET EFFET ET LE RETARD DE LA FORMATION D'UN BOURRELET EN PERIPHERIE DE L'EMPREINTE A ETE DEVELOPPE. PUIS, LA TROISIEME PARTIE, PRESENTE L'OPTIMISATION DES PARAMETRES DE DEPOT POUR LA REALISATION D'UN FILM DE ZIRCONE PAR MOCVD, TOUT D'ABORD SUR SILICIUM, PUIS SUR STO ET YBCO/STO. L'EVOLUTION DE LA MICROSTRUCTURE AINSI QUE DE LA COMPOSITION DES FILMS, EN TERME DE PHASES, EN FONCTION DES CONDITIONS DE DEPOT EST ABORDEE ET REND COMPTE D'UN PHENOMENE D'AUTO-OMBRAGE LORS DU DEPOT. LA DURETE, LE MODULE D'YOUNG AINSI QUE LA TENACITE DES FILMS SONT DETERMINES, LA TENACITE AYANT ETE CALCULEE PAR LE BIAIS D'UN MODELE BASE SUR L'ENERGIE DE FISSURATION. FINALEMENT, LE COMPORTEMENT SOUS INDENTATION DES DIFFERENTS SYSTEMES MECANIQUES EST COMPARE AUX FILMS DEPOSES PAR PCM.THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS FOCUSED ON THE ELABORATION OF FERROELECTRIC FILMS USING THE MOCVD TECHNIQUE AND ON THEIR MICROSTRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. NEVERTHELESS, DURING THE SETTING OF THE MOCVD REACTOR, FILMS ELABORATED BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING WERE FIRST STUDIED. PRINCIPLES OF MOCVD AND PVD PROCESSES WERE FIRST PRESENTED AS BIBLIOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEWS ON MICRO AND NANO-INDENTATION TESTS WITCH WERE USED AS TOOLS FOR MECHANICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE FILMS. THEN, THE SECOND PART OF THIS WORK WAS FOCUSED ON THE MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF PB0,9LA0,1TIO3 (PLT) FILMS DEPOSITED ON SRTIO3 (STO) BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING WITH OR WITHOUT YBA2CU3O7 (YBCO) INTERLAYER AND A COMPARISON WAS MADE BETWEEN THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS. HARDNESS AND YOUNG'S MODULUS WERE DETERMINED ON EACH SYSTEM AND IT HAS APPEARED THAT THE YBCO INTERLAYER ENHANCES THE PLT FILM ADHESION. THIS EFFECT WAS CORRELATED WITH THE TIME-DELAYED APPARITION OF A PILE-UP AROUND THE PRINTS. AFTERWARDS THE THIRD PART OF THIS WORK PRESENTS THE OPTIMISED PARAMETERS TO REALISE A ZIRCONIA FILM USING THE MOCVD TECHNIQUE FIRST OF ALL ON SILICON AND THEN ON STO AND YBCO/STO. MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PHASE COMPOSITION OF THE FILMS WERE ANALYSED, RELATED TO THE DEPOSITION PARAMETERS, AND IT WAS SHOWN THAT THE GEOMETRICAL SHADOWING PHENOMENON APPEARED DURING THE DEPOSITION. HARDNESS AND YOUNG'S MODULUS OF THE DIFFERENT FILMS WERE DETERMINED AND TOUGHNESS WAS CALCULATED USING AN ENERGY BASED APPROACH OF CRACKING. FINALLY, A COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT MECHANICAL RESPONSES DURING INDENTATION BETWEEN PLT AND ZIRCONIA FILMS WAS MADE.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Contribution à l'étude de la résistance à l'oxydation d'alliages Fe-Cr-Al type ODS (aspects cinétiques, diffusionnels et microstructuraux)

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    Cette étude s'est concentrée sur trois différents aspects de la corrosion à haute température des alliages Fe-Cr-AI et en particulier l'alliage Fe-Cr-AI ODS (Oxide Dispertion Strenghtened) fourni par la société PLANSEE, le PM 2000. L'étude cinétique de l'alliage, soumis à une oxydation sous oxygène, a démontré un excellent comportement de ce dernier et les couches d'alumine a ont présenté une morphologie compacte caractérisée par une structure duplex composée d'une épaisse couche de grains colonnaires surmontée d'une plus fine couche de grains équiaxes. Un enrichissement en titane de l'interface interne métal/oxyde a été mis en évidence pour les plus longs temps d'oxydation (supérieurs à 15 jours). L'étude diffusionnelle a permis de déterminer les coefficients de diffusion de l'aluminium dans le substrat. Cette diffusion, due à la formation de la couche d'oxyde, s'est avérée plus lente dans les alliages de type ODS que dans les alliages Fe-Cr-AI non ODS ne comportant pas d'éléments d'addition. Sur la base des vitesses d'appauvrissement du substrat en aluminium, la durée de vie "chimique" de l'alliage a été estimée en fonction de l'épaisseur de l'échantillon, c'est à dire du réservoir en aluminium. Les transformations de phases (alumines de transition -alumine a) au sein de la couche d'oxyde ont été étudiées à l'aide d'une technique originale dans ce contexte: la déflexion. Celle-ci a permis de mettre en évidence les cinétiques de transformation de l'alumine g en alumine a lors des premiers temps de l'oxydation sur l'alliage PM 2000 dans une gamme de température allant de 900ʿC à 1060ʿC. Cette étude, réalisée sous atmosphère réduite d'oxygène, a aussi mis en évidence l'influence de la pression d'oxygène sur les cinétiques de formation des différentes phases d'alumine dans les premiers temps de l'oxydation.This study has concerned three different aspects of the high temperature corrosion of Fe-Cr-AI alloys and especially the PM 2000, an CDS Fe-Cr-AI alloy (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened) supplied by the PLANSEE industrial company. The kinetic study of the alloy, which was oxidised under oxygen, has confirmed the excellent behaviour of the PM 2000 Fe-Cr-AI alloy and the a-alumina scales formed during oxidation are very compact and characterized by a duplex morphology composed of a large scale of columnar grains surmounted by a fine equiaxe grains scale. A titanium enrichment of the metal/oxide interface has been observed for the longest duration of oxidation (higher than 15 days). The aluminium diffusion study has allowed to determine the AI diffusion coefficients in the substrate. This diffusion, due to the formation of an alumina scale, is slower in the ODS Fe-Cr-AI alloys type than in other non-ODS alloys containing no reactive elements like titanium or yttrium. The alloy life lime has been estimated from the substrate impoverishment in aluminium as a function of the sample thickness, which is related to the aluminium reservoir. The phases transformation study in the alumina scale in the first steps of oxidation was performed by using an original experimental technique: the deflection. This technique has given good information about the kinetics of transformation from g-alumina to a-alumina in a range of temperature from 900ʿC to 1060ʿC. This study, which was performed under a small partial pressure of oxygen, has also proved the influence of the oxygen partial pressure on the kinetics of formation of the alumina phases during the first steps of oxidation.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Hétérodiffusion cationique et propriétés mécaniques de la zircone stabilisée à l'oxyde d'yttrium (influence de l'irradiation)

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    La zircone cubique stabilisée à l oxyde d yttrium (YSZ) est envisagée comme matrice inerte pour la transmutation des déchets radioactifs. Dans ce contexte, ce travail est consacré à l étude des propriétés de transport atomique et des propriétés mécaniques de cette céramique, ainsi qu à l influence de l irradiation sur ces propriétés. L étape préliminaire concerne l élaboration de céramiques de zircone cubique YSZ non dopée et dopée en terres rares pour former des solutions solides homogènes Ce-YSZ ou Gd-YSZ, les plus denses possibles. Les expériences de diffusion de Ce et Gd dans YSZ ou Ce-YSZ ont été menées sous air entre 900 et 1400 C, et les profils de pénétration ont été obtenus par SIMS. La diffusion en volume diminue lorsque le rayon ionique de l élément diffusant augmente. La comparaison des valeurs d énergie d activation pour la diffusion en volume avec celles fournies par la littérature suggère que la diffusion cationique a lieu via un mécanisme lacunaire. Les résultats de la diffusion de Ce dans YSZ irradié avec des ions Au de 4 ou 20 MeV montrent un ralentissement de la diffusion en volume à 1000 et 1100 C lorsque l endommagement est très important (30 dpa). Les propriétés mécaniques des céramiques YSZ non irradiées et irradiées avec les ions Pb de 944 MeV ont été étudiées par micro-indentation Vickers et par nano-indentation Berkovitch. La dureté du matériau augmente lorsque la taille de grains diminue. De plus, en raison de la présence de contraintes résiduelles de compression dans la zone irradiée, la dureté et la ténacité augmentent avec la fluence d irradiation.Cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a promising material as target for the transmutation of radioactive waste. In this context, the present work is dedicated to the study of the atomic transport and the mechanical properties of this ceramic, as well as the influence of irradiation on these properties. The preliminary step concerns the synthesis of YSZ cubic zirconia ceramic undoped and doped with rare earths to form homogeneous Ce-YSZ or Gd-YSZ solid solutions with the highest density. The diffusion experiments of Ce and Gd in YSZ or Ce-YSZ were performed in air from 900 to 1400 C, and the depth profiles were established by SIMS. The bulk diffusion decreases when the ionic radius of diffusing element increases. The comparison with literature data of activation energies for bulk diffusion suggests that the cationic diffusion occurs via a vacancy mechanism. The diffusion results of Ce in YSZ irradiated with 4 or 20 MeV Au ions show a bulk diffusion slowing-down at 1000 and 1100 C when the radiation damage becomes important (30 dpa). The mechanical properties of YSZ ceramics irradiated with 944 MeV Pb ions and non irradiated samples were studied by Vickers micro indentation and Berkovitch nano indentation techniques. The hardness of the material increases when the average grain size decreases. Furthermore, the hardness and the toughness increase with irradiation fluence owing to the occurrence of compressive residual stresses in the irradiated area.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Investigation on origins of residual stresses in Ni-NiO system by X-ray diffraction at high temperature

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    To characterize the respective role of oxidation stresses, thermal stresses and relaxation phenomena in the oxide scales, two high temperature chambers for X-ray diffraction have been designed allowing to determine residual stresses in situ, during oxidation of Ni, with the [MATH] technique. At room temperature, the scales are subjected to compressive stresses and compressive stresses are also analyzed in the substrate. During heating-cooling sequences, a reversible variation of the stresses is observed, without relaxation. The stresses determined at room temperature are thermal stresses and theoretical calculation fits well with experimental determination. In situ stress determinations at 900 °C show that slight tensile stresses are then generated in the scale. All these results show that the stresses found at room temperature are mainly generated during cooling, and that the role of Pilling and Bedworth ratio, often considered as the main factor for stress generation in Ni-NiO system, has little effect
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