Mental health consultations in a prison population: a descriptive study

BACKGROUND: The psychiatric morbidity among prison inmates is substantially higher than in the general population. We do, however, have insufficient knowledge about the extent of psychiatric treatment provided in our prisons. The aim of the present study was to give a comprehensive description of all non-pharmacological interventions provided by the psychiatric health services to a stratified sample of prison inmates. METHODS: Six medium/large prisons (n = 928) representing 1/3 of the Norwegian prison population and with female and preventive detention inmates over-sampled, were investigated cross-sectionally. All non-pharmacological psychiatric interventions, excluding pure correctional programs, were recorded. Those receiving interventions were investigated further and compared to the remaining prison population. RESULTS: A total of 230 of the 928 inmates (25 %) had some form of psychiatric intervention: 184 (20 %) were in individual psychotherapy, in addition 40 (4 %) received ad hoc interventions during the registration week. Group therapy was infrequent (1 %). The psychotherapies were most often of a supportive (62 %) or behavioural-cognitive (26 %) nature. Dynamic, insight-oriented psychotherapies were infrequent (8 %). Concurrent psychopharmacological treatment was prevalent (52 %). Gender and age did not correlate with psychiatric interventions, whereas prisoner category (remanded, sentenced, or preventive detention) did (p < 0.001). Most inmates had a number of defined problem areas, with substance use, depression, anxiety, and personality disorders most prevalent. Three percent of all inmates were treated for a psychotic disorder. Remand prisoners averaged 14 sessions per week per 100 inmates, while sentenced inmates and those on preventive detention averaged 22 and 25 sessions per week per 100 inmates, respectively. Five out of six psychiatric health services estimated the inmates' psychiatric therapy needs as adequately met, both overall and in the majority of individual cases. CONCLUSION: Our results pertain only to prisons with adequate primary and mental health services and effective diversion from prison of individuals with serious mental disorders. Given these important limitations, we do propose that the service estimates found may serve as a rough guideline to the minimum number of sessions a prison's psychiatric health services should be able to fulfil in order to serve the inmates psychiatric needs. The results rely on the specialist services' own estimates only. Future studies should take other important informants, including the inmates themselves, into consideration

The sulfidation mechanism of NiW/gamma-Al2O3 as a function of the calcination temperature studied with Fe-57-MAS and temperature programmed sulfidation

Currently the production of low sulfur diesel fuel (< 0.05 wt.% S) is an important topic in oil refineries due to new environmental legislation. Consequently, alternative catalysts for deep HDS processes are required and NiW/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts are a promising option. An important issue in the application of NiW/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts is their activation. In this work a quantitative description of the sulfidation mechanism of W in NiW/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts, as obtained from temperature programmed sulfidation measurements, is presented. It is shown that the calcination temperature has a great influence on the relative importance of the different sulfidation reactions. Especially the WS2 formation at sulfidation temperatures below 600 K is strongly decreased after calcination above 673 K. Fe-57-MAS shows that re-dispersion of Ni-sulfide species occurs after sulfidation at 573 K for a dried catalyst to form the so-called NiWS phase. The NiWS phase is also formed on calcined catalysts but only at sulfidation temperatures of 673 K. It is demonstrated that the formation of WS2 slabs is a prerequisite for the re-dispersion of Ni-sulfide species. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

The sulfidation mechanism of NiW/gamma-Al2O3 as a function of the calcination temperature studied with Fe-57-MAS and temperature programmed sulfidation

Currently the production of low sulfur diesel fuel

Water quality modeling in sewer networks: Review and future research directions

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordUrban sewer networks (SNs) are increasingly facing water quality issues as a result of many challenges, such as population growth, urbanization and climate change. A promising way to addressing these issues is by developing and using water quality models. Many of these models have been developed in recent years to facilitate the management of SNs. Given the proliferation of different water quality models and the promise they have shown, it is timely to assess the state-of-the-art in this field, to identify potential challenges and suggest future research directions. In this review, model types, modeled quality parameters, modeling purpose, data availability, type of case studies and model performance evaluation are critically analyzed and discussed based on a review of 110 papers published between 2010 and 2019. The review identified that applications of empirical and kinetic models dominate those of data-driven models for addressing water quality issues. The majority of models are developed for prediction and process understanding using experimental or field sampled data. While many models have been applied to real problems, the corresponding prediction accuracies are overall moderate or, in some cases, low, especially when dealing with larger SNs. The review also identified the most common issues associated with water quality modeling of SNs and based on these proposed several future research directions. These include the identification of appropriate data resolutions for the development of different SN models, the need and opportunity to develop hybrid SN models and the improvement of SN model transferability.National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaExcellent Youth Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, Chin