The enabling factor: the influence of US-EU cooperation on UN peace operations

The article analyzes the influence of US-EU cooperation on the UN decision-making process in the area of peace operations and its impact in the period 1991-2008. The article claims that US-EU cooperation transforms the positional power of the US, the EU and its member states into a coalition with dominant influence in the area of UN peace operations and becomes an enabling factor for the authorization of UN peace operations.The article analyzes the influence of US-EU cooperation on the UN decision-making process in the area of peace operations and its impact in the period 1991 - 2008. The article claims that US-EU cooperation transforms the positional power of the US, the EU and its member states into a coalition with dominant influence in the area of UN peace operations and becomes an enabling factor for the authorization of UN peace operations

Morfoanatomia foliar da reófita Raulinoa echinata R.S. Cowan - Rutaceae Leaf morphoanatomy of the rheophyte Raulinoa echinata R. S. Cowan - Rutaceae

Reófitas são espécies vegetais confinadas aos leitos de rios e riachos de fortes corredeiras, crescendo acima do nível das inundações, mas não além do alcance da ocorrência regular das rápidas enchentes. A morfoanatomia foliar de Raulinoa echinata R.S.Cowan (Rutaceae) foi investigada objetivando compreender a adaptação às peculiaridades do hábitat reofítico. As folhas de R. echinata são dorsiventrais e hipoestomáticas. A epiderme é uniestratificada e os estômatos são anomocíticos. As células-guarda estão dispostas acima do nível das demais células epidérmicas (característica hidromórfica), mas com átrio externo conspícuo (característica xeromórfica). Aspectos mais marcantes relacionados ao hábitat reofítico são estenofilia e presença de suberina nas paredes periclinais internas das células epidérmicas. A área foliar varia com a intensidade de exposição ao sol, a densidade estomática varia com o fluxo do rio; as espessuras dos tecidos do mesofilo variam com ambas condições. Ductos secretores e idioblastos com cristais de fosfato de cálcio ocorrem no mesofilo. Os dados revelaram plasticidade da estrutura foliar às condições peculiares do ambiente reofítico e as condições sombreadas ou expostas ao sol.<br>Rheophytes are plants confined to the beds of swift-running streams and rivers, growing above flood level but not beyond the normal reach of flash floods. Leaf morphoanatomy of the rheophyte Raulinoa echinata R.S.Cowan (Rutaceae) was investigated with a focus on understanding adaptation to the peculiarities of the rheophytic habitat. R. echinata leaves are dorsiventral and hypostomatic. The epidermis has a single layer of cells and the stomata are anomocytic. The guard cells rise above the level of the other epidermal cells (a hydromorphic characteristic), but with a conspicuous outer cavity (a xeromorphic characteristic). Prominent traits related to the rheophytic habitat are stenophylls and the presence of suberin on the inner periclinal walls of the epidermal cells. Leaf area varies with sun exposure while stomatal density varies with river flow. In R. echinata, mesophyll tissue thickness varies with light intensity and river flow. Secretory cavities and idioblasts with calcium phosphate crystals occur in the mesophyll. The data revealed leaf-structure plasticity in relation to the singular conditions of the rheophytic environment as well as to shade or sunlight