2023 International Rome consensus for the nomenclature of Sj\uf6gren disease

\ua9 2025. Springer Nature Limited. Nomenclature for the disease widely known as Sj\uf6gren syndrome has proven unsatisfactory. Patients have perceived \u27syndrome\u27 as indicative of a vague collection of symptoms, prompting the Sj\uf6gren\u27s Foundation to abandon the term. Furthermore, the traditional distinction between \u27primary\u27 and \u27secondary\u27 forms fails to account for the complex interplay between overlapping autoimmune diseases. Following a bibliometric analysis, systematic literature review and a Delphi consensus process with equal involvement of professional and patient representatives, five recommendations are now issued. First, the term \u27Sj\uf6gren disease\u27 should replace \u27Sj\uf6gren syndrome\u27. Second, the acronym \u27SjD\u27 should be used as an abbreviation for \u27Sj\uf6gren disease\u27. Third, the descriptor \u27associated\u27 should be used in lieu of \u27secondary\u27 for Sj\uf6gren disease occurring in association with a second systemic autoimmune disease for which classification criteria are fulfilled. Fourth, Sj\uf6gren disease is the preferred terminology in common parlance and in clinical diagnosis, without differentiation as to primary and associated forms. Fifth, the differentiation between primary and associated Sj\uf6gren is recommended for scientific studies to define a homogeneous population. In conclusion, the consensus endorses \u27Sj\uf6gren disease\u27 as the official nomenclature to acknowledge the distinct pathogenesis of this disorder and to improve clarity in both clinical practice and research