78 research outputs found
Rediscovering vitamin D
Over the past 2 years there has been a radical change in standard clinical practice with respect to vitamin D. As a result of a growing body of knowledgeable physicians are assessing the vitamin D nutritional status of their patients and prescribing aggressive repletion regimens of a vitamin D supplement. The present paper summarizes some basic information about this essential nutrient and reviews some of the more recent data implicating vitamin D deficiency in disease etiology with an emphasis on cardiovascular disease and cancer. Finally a rational approach to the dosing of vitamin D in different patient populations is provided
Efficacy of vitamin D3-fortified-yogurt drink on anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers according to vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetic patients: a study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is determined by the interactions of genetic and environmental factors. This study was designed to evaluate the possible role of VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on different aspects of diabetic host response (anthropometric, metabolic, oxidative stress and inflammatory) to daily intake of vitamin D through fortified yogurt drink for 12 weeks.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>This study comprises two parts: (i) a case-control study; and (ii) an intervention trial. In the first part, VDR polymorphisms <it>(Taq1</it>, <it>FokI</it>, <it>Apa1</it>, <it>Bsm1</it>, and <it>Cdx2) </it>are determined in 350 T2DM patients and 350 non-diabetic subjects. In the second part, the possible effects of daily intake of two servings of vitamin D3-fortified yogurt drink (FYD; 500 IU vitamin D/250 mL) on some selected metabolic (including insulin resistance), inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in 135 T2DM patients are assessed. To relate the resulted changes in the biomarkers to vitamin D replenishment, another group of diabetic patients (n = 45) are also included in the study who receive 2 servings of plain yogurt drink (PYD) a day. The primary outcome is serum level of 25(OH) D, which it is expected to be elevated only in FYD group. Secondary outcomes include improvements in glycemic, metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in FYD group compared to PYD group. Three VDR <it>FokI </it>polymorphisms are determined only in FYD group followed by comparison of changes in the biomarkers among these genotypic variants.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The present study, at least in part, elucidates the discrepancies in the results of different vitamin D-diabetes studies pertaining to the genetic variations of the population. If VDR polymorphisms are found to influence the response to our intervention, then knowing distribution of VDR polymorphisms in both diabetic and non-diabetic populations can give a picture of the proportion of the community in whom up to 1000 IU/d vitamin D may not be effective enough to improve insulin resistance and related morbidities. Therefore, they should ideally receive further nutritional support according to their genotype.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01236846">NCT01236846</a></p
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Vitamin D pathway-related gene polymorphisms and their association with metabolic diseases: a literature review
Purpose: Given that the relationship between vitamin D status and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear, this review will focus on the genetic associations, which are less prone to confounding, between vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic diseases.
Methods: A literature search of relevant articles was performed on PubMed up to December 2019. Those articles that had examined the association of vitamin D-related SNPs with obesity and/or T2D were included. Two reviewers independently evaluated the eligibility for the inclusion criteria and extracted the data. In total, 73 articles were included in this review.
Results: There is a lack of research focussing on the association of vitamin D synthesis-related genes with obesity and T2D; however, the limited available research, although inconsistent, is suggestive of a protective effect on T2D risk. While there are several studies that investigated the vitamin D metabolism-related SNPs, the research focussing on vitamin D activation, catabolism and transport genes is limited. Studies on CYP27B1, CYP24A1 and GC genes demonstrated a lack of association with obesity and T2D in Europeans; however, significant associations with T2D were found in South Asians. VDR gene SNPs have been extensively researched; in particular, the focus has been mainly on BsmI (rs1544410), TaqI (rs731236), ApaI (rs7975232) and FokI (rs2228570) SNPs. Even though the association between VDR SNPs and metabolic diseases remain inconsistent, some positive associations showing potential effects on obesity and T2D in specific ethnic groups were identified.
Conclusion: Overall, this literature review suggests that ethnic-specific genetic associations are involved. Further research utilizing large studies is necessary to better understand these ethnic-specific genetic associations between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic diseases
Interleukin-4 Gene Intron 3 VNTR Polymorphism in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy
Association of glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, T1 and P1) gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in north Indian population
Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a reduction in
antioxidant defense. The oxidative stress becomes evident as a result
of accumulation of ROS in conditions of inflammation and Type 2
diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The genes involved in redox balance, which
determines the susceptibility to T2DM remain unclear. In humans, the
glutathione S-transferase (GST) family comprises several classes of GST
isozymes, the polymorphic variants of GSTM1, T1 and P1 genes result in
decreased or loss of enzyme activity. Aims: The present study evaluated
the effect of genetic polymorphisms of the GST gene family on the risk
of developing T2DM in the North Indian population. Settings and Design:
GSTM1, T1 and P1 polymorphisms were genotyped in 100 T2DM patients and
200 healthy controls from North India to analyze their association with
T2DM susceptibility. Materials and Methods: Analysis of GSTM1 and GSTT1
gene polymorphisms was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) and GSTP1 by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).
Statistical Analysis: Fisher′s exact test and χ2 statistics
using SPSS software (Version-15.0). Results: We observed significant
association of GSTM1 null (P=0.004, OR= 2.042, 95%CI= 1.254-3.325) and
GSTP1 (I/V) (P=0.001, OR= 0.397, 95%CI=0.225-0.701) with T2DM and no
significant association with GSTT1 (P=0.493). The combined analysis of
the three genotypes GSTM1 null, T1 present and P1 (I/I) demonstrated an
increase in T2DM risk (P= 0.005, OR= 2.431 95% CI=1.315-4.496).
Conclusions: This is the first study showing the association of a
combined effect of GSTM1, T1 and P1 genotypes in a representative
cohort of Indian patients with T2DM. Since significant association was
seen in GSTM1 null and GSTP1 (I/V) and multiple association in GSTM1
null, T1 present and P1 (I/I), these polymorphisms can be screened in
the population to determine the diabetic risk
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