Essential Role of the \u3ci\u3eCrk\u3c/i\u3e Family-Dosage in DiGeorge-Like Anomaly and Metabolic Homeostasis

CRK and CRKL (CRK-like) encode adapter proteins with similar biochemical properties. Here, we show that a 50% reduction of the family-combined dosage generates developmental defects, including aspects of DiGeorge/del22q11 syndrome in mice. Like the mouse homologs of two 22q11.21 genes CRKL and TBX1, Crk and Tbx1 also genetically interact, thus suggesting that pathways shared by the three genes participate in organogenesis affected in the syndrome. We also show that Crk and Crkl are required during mesoderm development, and Crk/Crkl deficiency results in small cell size and abnormal mesenchyme behavior in primary embryonic fibroblasts. Our systems-wide analyses reveal impaired glycolysis, associated with low Hif1a protein levels as well as reduced histone H3K27 acetylation in several key glycolysis genes. Furthermore, Crk/Crkl deficiency sensitizes MEFs to 2deoxy-D-glucose, a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis, to induce cell blebbing. Activated Rapgef1, a Crk/Crkl-downstream effector, rescues several aspects of the cell phenotype, including proliferation, cell size, focal adhesions, and phosphorylation of p70 S6k1 and ribosomal protein S6. Our investigations demonstrate that Crk/Crkl-shared pathways orchestrate metabolic homeostasis and cell behavior through widespread epigenetic controls

Study on Characteristics of Combined PCCI and Conventional Diesel Combustion

2019 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Fuels and LubricantsThe main objective of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of combustion that combine premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI)-based combustion with conventional mixing controlled combustion. In this type of combustion, it is supposed that the combustion duration is shortened due to the synchronization of the timing of two types of combustions. In addition, the cooling loss caused by spray impingement is expected to decrease by the reduction of the proportion of mixing controlled combustion. In this study, the effect of injection pressure, injection timing, and split injection on thermal efficiency and emissions were investigated in order to determine the appropriate injection parameters for PCCI-based combustion to realize the proposed combustion concept

Study on Characteristics of Combined PCCI and Conventional Diesel Combustion

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of combustion that combine premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI)–based combustion with conventional mixing controlled combustion. In this type of combustion, it is supposed that the combustion duration is shortened due to the synchronization of the timing of two types of combustions. In addition, the cooling loss caused by spray impingement is expected to decrease by the reduction of the proportion of mixing controlled combustion. In this study, the effect of injection pressure, injection timing, and split injection on thermal efficiency and emissions were investigated in order to determine the appropriate injection parameters for PCCI-based combustion to realize the proposed combustion concept

ヤギ汁の食味試験による官能評価

Sensory research was carried out in order to investigate the consumer palatability of goat meat. One of traditional Okinawa dish, soup of goat meat was investigated by panel test. The sensory research was conducted by 123 ordinary consumers (male: 83, female: 40). The survey research was carried out based on a questionnaire about taste, aroma, toughness, and greasiness of the meat, where each question was made of five choices. Factors related to profile of the panelists were sex, age, place of origin and preference of the panelists were investigated. In toughness and greasiness, female panelists tended to evaluate the meat more tough and greasy than male panelists (P < 0.05). In toughness, the panelists in age of 21-60 class tended to evaluate the meat more tough than panelists of under 20 (P < 0.05). In aroma and aggregate score, local panelists tended to evaluate the meat stronger smell than visitors (P < 0.05). This survey study reveals preference of the panelists for goat soup is the most important factor to make favor/disfavor decision. This tendency was especially significant in evaluation of aroma, where more local panelists tend to favor the aroma of goat soup.ヤギ汁の食味試験による官能評価を行う目的で、沖縄県内において最も普通に食されている手法で調理したヤギ汁を用いて、食味試験を実施した。食味試験は男性83名、女性40名の計123名を無作為に抽出して実施した。試験は味、香り、硬さ、および脂っこさの項目について5段階評価（最も良い：2、良い：1、普通：0、 悪い：-1、最も悪い：-2）として、試食後に速やかに記入させた。 女性は男性に比べヤギ汁の肉を堅く評価し、さらに脂っこいと評価した（P < 0.05）。またヤギ汁肉に対する硬さは21-60 歳までが他の年代よりも有意に硬いと評価した（P < 0.05）。被験者の出身地では、地元の人が県外の人よりもヤギ汁の匂いおよび総合評価において高く評価した（P < 0.05）。ヤギ汁の経験では、ヤギ汁を好む人が未経験および嫌いとする人に比べ有意に味、香り、硬さ、脂っこさおよび総合評価の全ての項目において高く評価した（P < 0.05）。今回の試験から、ヤギ汁の経験が評価に大きな影響を与えていることが示唆された。これらの結果から、今後、ヤギ肉の消費拡大を検討する場合、ヤギ汁の食経験をいかに拡げていくかが重要であると考えられた。その上で、女性にも食べやすいような調理法の工夫などが必要であろうと考えられる

Effects of Fuel-injection Parameters on Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Diesel Engine Equipped with Dual-injector System

[COMODIA 2017 = The Ninth International Conference on Modeling and Diagnostics for Advanced (第9回 先進エンジンシステムのモデリングと診断に関する国際会議)] 2017/07/25 - 2017/07/28, The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers(エンジンシステム部門) 主催To examine the feasibility of improving performance through highly flexible fuel injection, a series of experiments were performed using a single-cylinder diesel engine with a dual injector system, which included two sets of common-rail injection systems. The injectors were installed around the center of the cylinder to simulate flexible injection with a single nozzle configuration. This system enabled different injection rates in each injection pulse and a wide dwell range between injection pulses, i.e., even a negative injection dwell could be performed. Experiments with multi-stage injection were conducted using a single-cylinder metal engine, and the behaviors of the sprays and flames were observed in an optically accessible single-cylinder engine with an extended bottom-view piston. Based on a double pilot injection strategy, the effects of the injection pressures, injection timings, and injection quantities of split injection were investigated. The results showed that the dual injector system tended to increase smoke emissions because of a lack of symmetry in the combustion system. The heat release rates were hardly affected by switching from one injector to another for the main injection, whereas the smoke emissions were markedly reduced. A higher main injection pressure with lower pilot injection pressures reduced the smoke emissions with no increase in the CO emissions. A split-main injection with zero injection dwell increased the thermal efficiency under high injection-pressure conditions. A negative injection dwell markedly increased the smoke emissions