Can morphine interfere in the healing process during chronic stress?

Technological advances, constant pressure, increased qualified demand, and other daily activities present in modern society result in increasingly stressful living conditions for the population. in the short term, the release of stress-related hormones can play a key role in the survival of an organism. However, it is well known that chronic exposure to cortisol can lead to many adverse effects. Several findings show immunological changes in response to chronic exposure to cortisol, in particular in skin integrity, which may interfere with the healing process. Morphine is an immunosuppressive drug, and when it is used chronically, it can lead to an increased incidence of infections and a delay in the healing process. the importance of opiates as analgesics in the medical setting is indisputable. However, there are a limited number of studies in this field. These investigations can provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the healing process in morphine-dependent individuals under chronic stress, which is a common condition in modern society. Furthermore, medical prescriptions of opiates are common among terminal patients, who frequently develop decubitus ulcers and bacterial infections. This review is aimed to provide a concise analysis of effects of morphine and stress on the healing process.Associacao Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa (AFIP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Psicobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Dermatol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Psicobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Dermatol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 11/14462FAPESP: 07/55445-6FAPESP: 98/14303-3Web of Scienc