The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate carcinoma

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. In recent years, several new agents, including cancer immunotherapies, have been approved or are currently being investigated in late-stage clinical trials for the management of advanced prostate cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a multidisciplinary panel, including physicians, nurses, and patient advocates, to develop consensus recommendations for the clinical application of immunotherapy for prostate cancer patients. To do so, a systematic literature search was performed to identify high-impact papers from 2006 until 2014 and was further supplemented with literature provided by the panel. Results from the consensus panel voting and discussion as well as the literature review were used to rate supporting evidence and generate recommendations for the use of immunotherapy in prostate cancer patients. Sipuleucel-T, an autologous dendritic cell vaccine, is the first and currently only immunotherapeutic agent approved for the clinical management of metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The consensus panel utilized this model to discuss immunotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer, issues related to patient selection, monitoring of patients during and post treatment, and sequence/combination with other anti-cancer treatments. Potential immunotherapies emerging from late-stage clinical trials are also discussed. As immunotherapy evolves as a therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer, these recommendations will be updated accordingly. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-016-0198-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Noble Metal Electrocatalysts for Anode and Cathode in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

The chapter begins with a brief introduction of the importance and role of electrocatalysts in fuel cells. The following sections discuss the current state-ofthe- art for noble metal electrocatalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) along with an examination of recent developments in various noble metal (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Ir, Ru) electrocatalysts used in anode and cathode of a PEFC. Various 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanostructured morphologies of electrocatalysts are scrutinized. Different factors responsible for influencing and manipulating the electrocatalytic response and the stability of electrocatalysts are also discussed. The need and scope for recycling of precious metal electrocatalysts are examined and finally expected future trends are deliberated. © 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany