The Bleaching of Groundwood

Present industrial methods for the bleaching of groundwood are discussed. The conditions and chemicals used for hypochlorite, sodium and zinc hydrosulphite, bisulphite and sodium and hydrogen peroxide bleaching are reviewed. Consistencies, retention time, pH and temperature for maximum brightness are discussed for each process. Chemical reactions for the removal of color are given for several of the processes

The chronicles of agrimusic

This thesis tells the story of rural Iowa musicians who played music on behalf of the Iowa Farm Bureau between 1920 and 1937. While their participation may look like a show of support for the organization and its dream for commercial-based agriculture, the Farm Bureau’s ability to lure people in by exciting playing opportunities on the radio and at large county pageants suggests they used deception and theatricality to get people singing. Men and women played music for the Farm Bureau, but more out of a genuine desire to make music in their ongoing communities, and to embrace new playing opportunities in the country. All the while, Farm Bureau leaders used local participants to advertise the perceived social benefits of agricultural organization in the country. Scholars do not know the history of musicians like these. But if folk music is the music of folks, and not just of a few iconic figures, then this story of everyday rural musicians in Iowa is vital to the understanding of social participation and cultural preservation in America. While it is important to celebrate the contributions of people like Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger, scholars must be careful not to let those names become snares in the quest for a greater understanding of the everyday folks who made America’s music

The Eagle Nest Site An Examination of the Stone Tool Technological Organization During the Woodland Period in Central Minnesota

The Eagle Nest (21SH85) is a multicomponent Woodland period site located in Sherburne County, Minnesota. The site was first excavated in 2018 during St. Cloud State University’s summer field school. A number of artifacts were recovered as part of the survey, including lithic debitage, pottery, fire-cracked rock, and formal and flake tools. Several potential features were also noted which included hearths, a midden, and a living surface. The primary goal of this research project was to attempt to develop an understanding of the lithic technological organization of the peoples who once occupied the Eagle Nest site by completing a morphological analysis of the lithic artifacts, a raw material analysis, a microwear analysis, and a spatial analysis of the site. Additional goals were aimed at determining the number of components within the site’s boundary and to determine the applicability of microwear analysis in the CRM setting, a field with budgetary and time constraints. The results of the project indicate the Eagle nest was a multicomponent site occupied during the Transitional and Late Woodland periods, with some evidence of an earlier occupation. Peoples occupying the site used a variety of local, non-local, and exotic materials to manufacture both expedient and curated tools. Results indicated both marginal and non-marginal flaking occurred on the site, and there was a heavy reliance on flake tools. The results of the microwear analysis indicate formal tools were frequently hafted with antler and hide working likely occurred on site