Population-based laboratory surveillance for Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in a large Canadian health region

BACKGROUND: Giardia lamblia (intestinalis) and Cryptosporidium parvum are the two most important intestinal parasites infecting North Americans but there is a paucity of active population-based surveillance data from Canada. This study determined the incidence of and demographic risk factors for developing Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. infections in a general Canadian population. METHODS: Population-based laboratory surveillance was conducted among all residents of the Calgary Health Region (CHR; population ≅ 1 million) during May 1, 1999 and April 30, 2002. RESULTS: Giardia sp. infection occurred at a rate of 19.6 per 100,000 populations per year. Although the yearly incidence was stable, a significant seasonal variation was observed with a peak in late summer to early fall. Males were at higher risk for development of this infection as compared to females (21.2 vs. 17.9 per 100,000/yr; relative risk (RR) 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00–1.40, p = 0.047), and there was a significant decrease in risk associated with an increasing age. Cryptosporidium sp. infection occurred at an overall rate of 6.0 per 100,000 populations per year although a large outbreak of Cryptosporidium sp. infections occurred in the second half of the summer of 2001. During August and September of 2001, the incidence of cryptosporidiosis was 55.1 per 100,000 per year as compared to 3.1 per 100,000 per year for the remainder of the surveillance period (p < 0.0001). Cryptosporidiosis was largely a disease of children with an incidence of 17.8 per 100,000 per year occurring among those aged < 20 years of age compared to 1.25 per 100,000 per year for adults ≥ 20 years of age (RR 14.19; 95% CI, 9.77–21.11; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study provides important information on the occurrence and demographic risk groups for acquisition of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in a non-selected Canadian population

Neurogenic mechanisms in bladder and bowel ageing

The prevalence of both urinary and faecal incontinence, and also chronic constipation, increases with ageing and these conditions have a major impact on the quality of life of the elderly. Management of bladder and bowel dysfunction in the elderly is currently far from ideal and also carries a significant financial burden. Understanding how these changes occur is thus a major priority in biogerontology. The functions of the bladder and terminal bowel are regulated by complex neuronal networks. In particular neurons of the spinal cord and peripheral ganglia play a key role in regulating micturition and defaecation reflexes as well as promoting continence. In this review we discuss the evidence for ageing-induced neuronal dysfunction that might predispose to neurogenic forms of incontinence in the elderly

Neuron number in the myenteric plexus of the ascending colon of rats: a comparative study using two staining techniques Número de neurônios no plexo mientérico do colon ascendente de ratos: estudo comparativo usando duas técnicas de coloração

We carried out this study with the purpose of comparing the neuronal density in antimesocolic and intermediate regions of the colon of rats. We used the ascending colon of ten seven-months old Wistar rats. With the Giemsa method we found 29046 neurons/cm² on the antimesocolic region and 30968 neurons/cm² on the intermediate regions. With the NADH-diaphorase technique 12308 neurons/cm² on the antimesocolic regions and 8798 neurons/cm² on the intermediate regions were evidenced. The number of NADH-diaphorase positive neurons is significantly less than the number of Giemsa-stained neurons, and that this difference is enhanced on the intermediate regions of the intestinal circumference. Therefore, to compare the number of neurons of an intestinal segment of a same species at the same age, it is necessary to take into consideration the technique employed and the region of the intestinal circumference from where the sample was obtained.<br>Realizamos este estudo com o objetivo de comparar a densidade neuronal evidenciada nas regiões antimesocólica e intermediária do colo de ratos. Utilizamos o colo ascendente de 10 ratos Wistar com 7 meses de idade. Encontramos com o método de Giemsa 29046 neurônios/cm² na região antimesocólica e 30968 neurônios/ cm² nas regiões intermediárias. Com a técnica histoquímica da NADH-diaforase encontramos 12308 neurônios/ cm² na região antimesocólica e 8798 neurônios/cm² nas regiões intermediárias. O número de neurônios NADH-diaforase positivos é significantemente menor que o número de neurônios corados com o método de Giemsa, sendo que esta diferença se acentua nas regiões intermediárias da circunferência intestinal. Portanto, para comparar o número de neurônios de um segmento intestinal de uma mesma espécie e numa mesma idade, é necessário levar em consideração a técnica empregada e a região da circunferência intestinal em que se obteve a amostra