ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AMLODIPINE IN HUMAN PLASMA USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY/MASS SPECTROMETRY

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to develop a novel, simple, and economic method for the estimation of amlodipine in positive ion mode in human plasma using amlodipine maleate d4 as an internal standard.Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed on Zorbax SB, C18, 50 mm*4.6 mm, and 3.5 mm. The mobile phase was prepared with a mixture of 5 mm ammonium acetate in 0.1% formic acid: High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) grade methanol:HPLC grade acetonitrile (40:30:30) that run isocratically at the flow rate of 0.700 ml/min and run time at 2.50 min.Results: The analytical method is valid for the estimation of amlodipine, in human plasma over a range of 0.100 ng/ml–9.990 ng/ml with the detection of amlodipine m/z - 409.10 (parent) and 238.00 (product), and internal standard Amlodipine Maleate d4 m/z - 413.20 (parent), and 238.00 (product) in positive ion mode. The results of carryover test, matrix effect, linearity, precision and accuracy, stabilities, dilution integrity, and run size evaluation test presented in this report are within the acceptance range.Conclusion: A sensitive method for the separation and determination of amlodipine in plasma has been developed based on solid-phase extraction with disposable extraction cartridges in combination with LC and mass spectrophotometers (MS/MS)

PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOPHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS OF QUANTUM DOTS-AN OVERVIEW

In the twenty-first century, nanotechnology has become cutting-edge technology. It is interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary, covering numerous fields such as medicine, engineering, biology, physics, material sciences, and chemistry. The present work aims to cover the optical properties, method of preparations, surface modifications, bio-conjugation, characterization, stability, and cytotoxicity of quantum dots (QDs). Articles were reviewed in English literature reporting the pharmaceutical and bio-pharmaceutical aspects of QDs which were indexed in Scopus, web of science, google scholar and PubMed without applying the year of publication criterion. One significant value of utilizing nanotechnology is that one can alter and control the properties in a genuinely unsurprising way to address explicit applications' issues. In science and biomedicine, the usage of functional nanomaterials has been broadly investigated and has become one of the quick-moving and stimulating research directions. Different types of nanomaterial (silicon nanowires, QDs, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles of gold/silver) were extensively utilized for biological purposes. Nanomedicine shows numerous advantages in the natural characteristics of targeted drug delivery and therapeutics. For instance, protection of drugs against degradation, improvement in the drug's stability, prolonged circulation time, deceased side effects, and enhanced distribution in tissues. The present review article deals with the quantum dots, their optical properties, method of preparations, surface modifications, bio-conjugation, characterization, stability, and cytotoxicity of quantum dots. The review also discusses various biomedical applications of QDs. The QDs-based bio-nanotechnology will always be in the growing list of unique applications, with progress being made in specialized nanoparticle development, the detection of elegant conjugation methods, and the discovery of new targeting ligands

Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: New Pyrimidine-Clubbed Benzimidazole Derivatives as Potential DHFR Inhibitors

The present work describes the design and development of seventeen pyrimidine-clubbed benzimidazole derivatives as potential dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. These compounds were filtered by using ADMET, drug-likeness characteristics calculations, and molecular docking experiments. Compounds 27, 29, 30, 33, 37, 38, and 41 were chosen for the synthesis based on the results of the in silico screening. Each of the synthesized compounds was tested for its in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities using a variety of strains. All the compounds showed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes) as well as Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Most of the compounds either had a higher potency than chloramphenicol or an equivalent potency to ciprofloxacin. Compounds 29 and 33 were effective against all the bacterial and fungal strains. Finally, the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thiol derivatives with a 6-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole moiety are potent enough to be considered a promising lead for the discovery of an effective antibacterial agent

Bioanalytical method development and validation of atrasentan in human plasma using verapamil as internal standard by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

A satisfactory LC-MS/MS separation and good peak symmetry for Atrasentan were obtained with Agilent, Zorbax, XDB C18 (2.1 x 50  mm ID, 5 μm), and a mobile phase containing a mixture of 5  mM Ammonium Formate buffer with 0.1% formic acid were mixed with HPLC grade Acetonitrile in the proportion of 70:30, v/v was delivered at a flow rate of 0.150 mL/min by positive ion mode (API 4000) with an injection volume of 10 µL and a run time of 3 min. Detection is performed by atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. The precursor to product ion transitions is m/z 5.11.600 to 354.04 for Atrasentan, and m/z 455.40 to 165.00 for Verapamil (Internal standard) were used for quantization. The retention time of Atrasentan and Verapamil (Internal standard) was found to be 1.68 & 0.96 min

Fast and Sensitive Bioanalytical Method for the Determination of Deucravacitinib in Human Plasma Using HPLC-MS/MS: Application and Greenness Evaluation

Plaque psoriasis is a common, long-lasting illness that affects the immune system and causes significant negative impacts on a patient’s physical health, well-being, and ability to work effectively. Deucravacitinib (DEU) is the first oral medication used in the treatment of plaque psoriasis, a chronic skin condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin. DEU is a type of medication called an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, which works by blocking specific enzymes that play a role in the inflammation and immune response associated with psoriasis. Therefore, a quick, easy, novel, reliable, sensitive, and straightforward liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach was used to analyze DEU in plasma samples. The LC-MS/MS method for the determination of DEU in human plasma was based on using trimethoprim as an internal standard (IS). The separation of DEU and IS was carried out via liquid–liquid extraction (LLE). The extract was then subjected to the chromatographic system separation using the ACE-C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 5 µm). The mobile phase employed consisted of methanol and a solution of 2 mM ammonium formate (80:20 v/v, respectively). The flow rate used was set at 0.9 mL min−1. The creative strategy was performed by running an ABSCIEX API 4000 mass spectrometer with an electron spray ionization source in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The ion transitions m/z 426.3 → 358.2 were used for DEU quantitation, while the ion transitions m/z 291.1 → 261.1 were used for trimethoprim quantitation. The accuracy, precision, linearity, recovery, and selectivity of DEU were deemed acceptable when validated for a concentration range between 0.500 and 601.050 ng/mL, utilizing a weighting factor of 1/x2

Diabetic foot ulcer, antimicrobial remedies and emerging strategies for the treatment: An overview

According to the International Diabetes Federation's 2015 study, diabetes affects over 415 million people globally (5 million of whom die each year), and the incidence of diabetes is expected to climb to over 640 million (1 in 10) by 2040. (IDF 2015). Diabetes foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the most significant diabetic health consequences. Antimicrobial treatments, such as dressings, topical therapies, medicines, drugs, debridement procedures, molecular, cellular, and gene therapies, plant extracts, antimicrobial peptides, growth factors, devices, ozone, and energy-based therapies, would be the focus of this study. Scopus, Web of Science, Bentham Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were among the sources used to compile the English-language publications on DFU. DFU treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes the use of proper diagnostic tools, competence, and experience. To prevent amputations, this starts with patient education and the use of new categories to steer treatment. New diagnostic methods, such as the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence in bacteria, should become available to acquire a better knowledge of the microbiota in DFUs.&nbsp

Psychological effects of COVID-19 on patients with cancer, their caregivers: A systematic review

There is limited study reporting the severity of anxiety and depression in cancer cohort and their caregivers. We aimed in this systematic review to determine the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among comprehensive cancer patient and their caregivers during COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review search was performed on PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus till June 2021. PRISMA guidelines were used in this systematic review. Reviews were performed to collect all original research articles to describe prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the cancer patients and their caregivers. All analysis was done by using RStudio version 1.0.136. 4 studies from our search criteria were eligible for inclusion for anxiety symptoms. Meta-analyses revealed that no any significant difference in incidence of anxiety in cancer and their caregivers. The pooled odds ratio 1.00 [95% CI; 0.87- 1.15]. Pooled prevalence in patients and their caregivers 49% [25%; 74%] and 50% [26%; 73%] respectively.  Anxiety was relatively higher in cancer patients and their care givers. Isolation, married caregivers showed most significant factor to increase anxiety in cancer patients and their care givers. This metaanalyses suggest that prevalence of anxiety in cancer patients and their caregivers were significantly increasing during COVID-19

TRANSDERMAL PATCHES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS: AN EFFECTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM-A REVIEW

Topical delivery methods have been used since the dawn of time, employed to cure a wide range of ailments and for aesthetic purposes. Transdermal drug delivery has evolved throughout time, with the development of passive and active technologies that have resulted in enhanced distribution, accuracy in drug dosage, and better fulfilment of the requirements of the individual. The search for more powerful pharmaceuticals that can be delivered to the skin through appropriate transdermal technologies will continue to be a focus in the development of drugs for transdermal patches and other forms of delivery. Topical and transdermal distribution has been around for a while, but this review will focus on transdermal patches and how they've evolved. The articles have been searched on different search engines such as Scopus database, Science direct, PubMed, Google scholar, and Bentham science using multiple keywords. An adhesive transdermal patch is applied to the skin and contains medicine that is absorbed into the bloodstream through the skin. It aids in the recovery of an afflicted part of the body. When compared to oral, topical, i. v., and i. m. administration systems, transdermal drug delivery allows a controlled release of the medicine into patients, often by either a porous membrane or by body heat melting small layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The fundamental drawback of transdermal delivery methods is that the skin is a highly efficient barrier, therefore, only tiny molecules can enter the skin and be administered in this manner

Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: New Pyrimidine-Clubbed Benzimidazole Derivatives as Potential DHFR Inhibitors

The present work describes the design and development of seventeen pyrimidine-clubbed benzimidazole derivatives as potential dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. These compounds were filtered by using ADMET, drug-likeness characteristics calculations, and molecular docking experiments. Compounds 27, 29, 30, 33, 37, 38, and 41 were chosen for the synthesis based on the results of the in silico screening. Each of the synthesized compounds was tested for its in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities using a variety of strains. All the compounds showed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes) as well as Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Most of the compounds either had a higher potency than chloramphenicol or an equivalent potency to ciprofloxacin. Compounds 29 and 33 were effective against all the bacterial and fungal strains. Finally, the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thiol derivatives with a 6-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole moiety are potent enough to be considered a promising lead for the discovery of an effective antibacterial agent

Quality of life of COVID-19 recovered patients: a 1-year follow-up study from Bangladesh

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic posed a danger to global public health because of the unprecedented physical, mental, social, and environmental impact affecting quality of life (QoL). The study aimed to find the changes in QoL among COVID-19 recovered individuals and explore the determinants of change more than 1 year after recovery in low-resource settings. Methods COVID-19 patients from all eight divisions of Bangladesh who were confirmed positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from June 2020 to November 2020 and who subsequently recovered were followed up twice, once immediately after recovery and again 1 year after the first follow-up. The follow-up study was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 among 2438 individuals using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). After excluding 48 deaths, 95 were rejected to participate, 618 were inaccessible, and there were 45 cases of incomplete data. Descriptive statistics, paired-sample analyses, generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to test the mean difference in participants’ QoL scores between the two interviews. Results Most participants (n = 1710, 70.1%) were male, and one-fourth (24.4%) were older than 46. The average physical domain score decreased significantly from baseline to follow-up, and the average scores in psychological, social, and environmental domains increased significantly at follow-up (P < 0.05). By the GEE equation approach, after adjusting for other factors, we found that older age groups (P < 0.001), being female (P < 0.001), having hospital admission during COVID-19 illness (P < 0.001), and having three or more chronic diseases (P < 0.001), were significantly associated with lower physical and psychological QoL scores. Higher age and female sex [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0–1.6] were associated with reduced social domain scores on multivariable logistic regression analysis. Urban or semi-urban people were 49% less likely (aOR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.4–0.7) and 32% less likely (aOR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9) to have a reduced QoL score in the psychological domain and the social domain respectively, than rural people. Higher-income people were more likely to experience a decrease in QoL scores in physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains. Married people were 1.8 times more likely (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.4) to have a decreased social QoL score. In the second interview, people admitted to hospitals during their COVID-19 infection showed a 1.3 times higher chance (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6) of a decreased environmental QoL score. Almost 13% of participants developed one or more chronic diseases between the first and second interviews. Moreover, 7.9% suffered from reinfection by COVID-19 during this 1-year time. Conclusions The present study found that the QoL of COVID-19 recovered people improved 1 year after recovery, particularly in psychological, social, and environmental domains. However, age, sex, the severity of COVID-19, smoking habits, and comorbidities were significantly negatively associated with QoL. Events of reinfection and the emergence of chronic disease were independent determinants of the decline in QoL scores in psychological, social, and physical domains, respectively. Strong policies to prevent and minimize smoking must be implemented in Bangladesh, and we must monitor and manage chronic diseases in people who have recovered from COVID-19. Graphical Abstrac