O mundo muçulmano em uma era global: a proteção dos direitos das mulheres The muslim world in a global age: protecting women's ights

As mulheres muçulmanas enfrentam, simultaneamente, três desafios. Em primeiro lugar, elas representam uma identidade islâmica que, com freqüência, está em conflito com regimes políticos modernos e com as elites dos Estados. Em segundo lugar, elas devem lutar contra os fundamentalistas islâmicos, cujas idéias, instituições e objetivos são por elas rejeitados com veemência. Por fim, e tão importante quanto os outros desafios, elas enfrentam no dia-a-dia a cultura patriarcal dominante nos lugares onde vivem. As questões relacionadas aos direitos das mulheres são agravadas pelas dificuldades que as mulheres muçulmanas encontram em uma cultura patriarcal na qual a mulher é geralmente caracterizada por estereótipos. Se, por um lado, a "solidariedade sem fronteiras" possibilitou a promoção de direitos das mulheres dentro e através das culturas, por outro, ela também se depara com questões sociais mais amplas e mais complexas. Embora essa solidariedade global sofra resistência em muitas partes do mundo muçulmano, o empowerment das mulheres é visto como o antídoto mais eficaz contra o extremismo no mundo muçulmano. Este trabalho pretende contextualizar a análise de gênero nos âmbitos cultural, econômico e político, de modo a lidar com três questões: (1) por que as mulheres muçulmanas se tornaram agentes de mudança, reforma e democratização no mundo globalizado? (2) qual o impacto da globalização sobre as mulheres muçulmanas e sobre a ascensão do feminismo islâmico? (3) de que maneira as mulheres muçulmanas podem respeitar a integridade de sua cultura, ao mesmo tempo que se mantêm receptivas a valores, idéias e instituições universais?<br>Muslim women encounter three fronts simultaneously. First, they represent an Islamic identity that more often than not is in conflict with modern political regimes and state elites. Secondly, they must fight against Islamic fundamentalists, whose ideas, institutions, and goals they vehemently reject. And finally, and just as importantly, they face a mundane confrontation with a prevailing patriarchal culture within which they live. Questions of women's rights are exacerbated by difficulties Muslim women encounter in a patriarchal culture in which women are often characterized by stereotypes. The "borderless solidarity" has led to the promotion of women's rights across and within cultures, but it stands in a problematic relationship to broader, more complex social issues. Although this global solidarity is resisted in many parts of the Muslim world, women's empowerment is seen as the most effective antidote to extremism in the Muslim world. This paper attempts to contextualize gender analysis in the cultural, economic, and political domains, while addressing three questions: (1) why have Muslim women become the agents of change, reform, and democratization in a globalizing world? (2) what impact has globalization on Muslim women and the rise of Islamic feminism? (3) how could Muslim women maintain the integrity of their culture while at the same time remain receptive to universal values, ideas, and institutions

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN