Conditional Entropies as Over-Segmentation and Under-Segmentation Metrics for Multi-Part Image Segmentation

In this paper, we define two conditional entropy measures for performance evaluation of general image segmentation. Given a segmentation label map and a ground truth label map, our measures describe their compatibility in two ways. The first one is the conditional entropy of the segmentation given the ground truth, which indicates the oversegmentation rate. The second one is that of the ground truth given the segmentation, which indicates the under-segmentation rate. The two conditional entropies indicate the trade-off between smaller and larger granularities like false positive rate and false negative rate in ROC, and precision and recall in PR curve. Our measures are easy to implement, and involve no threshold or other parameter, have very intuitive explanation and many good theoretical properties, e.g., good bounds, monotonicity, continuity. Experiments show that our measures work well on Berkeley Image Segmentation Benchmark using three segmentation algorithms, Efficient Graph- Based segmentation, Mean Shift and Normalized Cut. We also give an asymmetric similarity measure based on the two entropies and compared it with Variation of Information. The comparison revealled that our method has advantages in many situations.We also checked the coarse-to-fine compatibility of segmentation results with changing parameters and ground truths from different annotators

Application of Time-Fractional Order Bloch Equation in Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is one novel fast quantitative imaging framework for simultaneous quantification of multiple parameters with pseudo-randomized acquisition patterns. The accuracy of the resulting multi-parameters is very important for clinical applications. In this paper, we derived signal evolutions from the anomalous relaxation using a fractional calculus. More specifically, we utilized time-fractional order extension of the Bloch equations to generate dictionary to provide more complex system descriptions for MRF applications. The representative results of phantom experiments demonstrated the good accuracy performance when applying the time-fractional order Bloch equations to generate dictionary entries in the MRF framework. The utility of the proposed method is also validated by in-vivo study.Comment: Accepted at 2019 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2019

Context-Sensitive Optional Type Systems Meet Generics: A Uniform Treatment and Formalization

This thesis explores a novel design of context-sensitive optional type systems which supports generics. Optional type systems, as the name suggests, optionally enforce type rules in typechecking and can be switched on only when needed. They give flexibility to developers because, whenever they need optional type properties, they can plug these properties into the compiler and perform additional rounds of semantic analyses. Context-sensitive type systems help to resolve a declared type to different types according to usage contexts. Type parameters and type variable uses can be annotated with optional type qualifiers, and these type qualifiers can impact the process of type argument substitution and context-sensitive resolution of types. This thesis shows (1) existing optional type systems either do not support generics or have type safety issues when context sensitivity is involved; (2) type variables and monomorphic types are treated differently in the type check and type inference modes by these type systems. This thesis formalizes a Java-like language, introduces a new qualifier Sub to clarify the semantics of unannotated type variables, and presents a new viewpoint adaptation rule to model how context-sensitive type systems interact with generics. As a concrete instantiation, a case study is conducted in a context-sensitive type system called Practical Immutability for Classes and Objects (PICO). PICO offers reference and object immutability to Java, making Java programs more robust in areas like thread-safe programming and aliasing control. This thesis also gives an overview of PICO, identifies some interesting issues, and fixes them. Last, this thesis formalizes the core parts of non-generic version of PICO, providing the well-formedness rules, type rules, and operational semantics

Preparation of Blood-Deficient Model and Research of Angelica Polysaccharide on Enriching Blood in Chickens

In this study cyclophosphamide was used to prepare the blood-deficient model. The red blood cell count and hemoglobin content were measured. The experimental chickens presented the symptoms of blood-deficient syndrome, dullness, shrinkinginto oneself, broken winded, loose feather, waxy eyelid, and pale tongue. At the same time, red blood cell count and hemoglobin content decreased significantly. Angelica polysaccharide as the effective component of Angelica Sinensis could significantly increase the red blood cell count and the hemoglobin content of blood-deficient chickens. The results indicated that cyclophosphamide could significantly reduce the red blood count and hemoglobin content, and make the ideal blood-deficient model successfully. Angelica polysaccharide had the function of enriching blood in different ways. On the one hand Angelica polysaccharide enriched he blood directly, increased the number of RBC and hemoglobin; on the other hand it regulated the hematopoietic factors, enriched the blood indirectly