The role of negative emotions in the social processes of entrepreneurship: Power rituals and shame-related appeasement behaviors

This paper examines the role of negative emotions in the social processes of entrepreneurship. Drawing on a study of Russian entrepreneurs, we develop a model of the emotional effects of social interactions between entrepreneurs and state officials. We found that negative emotions were elicited by these interactions and, in turn, fueled three forms of shame-related corrective appeasement behavior (reactive, anticipatory, and sporadic), which served to corrode entrepreneurial motivation and direct attention and energy away from business growth and development

Lung transplantation and lung volume reduction surgery

Since the publication of the last edition of the Handbook of Physiology, lung transplantation has become widely available, via specialized centers, for a variety of end-stage lung diseases. Lung volume reduction surgery, a procedure for emphysema first conceptualized in the 1950s, electrified the pulmonary medicine community when it was rediscovered in the 1990s. In parallel with their technical and clinical refinement, extensive investigation has explored the unique physiology of these procedures. In the case of lung transplantation, relevant issues include the discrepant mechanical function of the donor lungs and recipient thorax, the effects of surgical denervation, acute and chronic rejection, respiratory, chest wall, and limb muscle function, and response to exercise. For lung volume reduction surgery, there have been new insights into the counterintuitive observation that lung function in severe emphysema can be improved by resecting the most diseased portions of the lungs. For both procedures, insights from physiology have fed back to clinicians to refine patient selection and to scientists to design clinical trials. This section will first provide an overview of the clinical aspects of these procedures, including patient selection, surgical techniques, complications, and outcomes. It then reviews the extensive data on lung and muscle function following transplantation and its complications. Finally, it reviews the insights from the last 15 years on the mechanisms whereby removal of lung from an emphysema patient can improve the function of the lung left behind. © 2011 American Physiological Society.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Endotoxic shock alters distribution of blood flow within the intestinal wall.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a redistribution of blood flow from the mucosa to the muscular layer of the intestinal wall contributes to the observed increased arterial-mucosal Pco2 gradient and the decreased mucosal tonometric pH during endotoxic shock. DESIGN: A prospective, controlled, animal study. SETTING: Animal laboratory in a university medical center. SUBJECTS: Ten domestic pigs. INTERVENTIONS: Pigs were anesthetized with ketamine and pentobarbital, mechanically ventilated, hemodynamically monitored, and then challenged with Escherichia coli endotoxin (10 micrograms/ kg i.v.). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cardiac output, mesenteric artery blood flow, and systemic, pulmonary, and portal pressures were measured. Intestinal mucosa tonometric Pco2 and pH were determined with saline-filled balloon tonometers. The tissue blood flow to the mucosa and the muscular layer were independently measured with colored microspheres, using the arterial reference sample method. Thus, total intestinal blood flow was evaluated with respect to its transmural (mucosa vs. muscularis) and geographical (proximal jejunum, mid-small intestine, and terminal ileum) distribution. Endotoxin administration with fluid resuscitation induced a distributive shock with a decrease in intestinal mucosa tonometric pH. Under endotoxemic conditions, the mucosal flow increased in each geographical area, with the increase being larger proximally in the jejunum than distally in the ileum. The mucosal tonometric pH was found to correlate inversely with mucosal blood flow. The increase in blood flow to the mucosa was balanced by a decrease in blood flow to the muscularis, with total mesenteric flow remaining unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Mucosal hypoperfusion does not account for the acidotic mucosal tonometric pH in endotoxic shock. The results suggest either a primary cytotoxic effect or an enhanced counter-current-mediated hypoxic insult in the apical villus. The decrease in blood flow to the muscularis may contribute to loss of intestinal wall peristaltic activity and structural wall integrity