Multi-Output ESOP Synthesis with Cascades of New Reversible Gate Family

A reversible gate maps each output vector into a unique input vector and vice versa. The importance of reversible logic lies in the technological necessity that most near-future and all long-term future technologies will have to use reversible gates in order to reduce power. In this paper, a new generalized k*k reversible gate family is proposed. A synthesis method for multi-output (factorized) ESOP using cascades of the new gate family is presented. For utilizing the benefit of product sharing among the ESOPs, two graph-based data structures -connectivity tree and implementation graph are used. Experimental results with some MCNC benchmark functions show that the number of gates in the multioutput ESOP cascades is almost equal to the number of products in the multi-output ESOP. However, this cascaded realization of multi-output ESOP generates a large number of garbage outputs and requires a large number of input constants, which need to be reduced in the future research. This synthesis method is technology-independent and can be used in association with any known or future reversible technology

Effect of leaf temperature on estimating physiological traits of wheat leaves from hyperspectral reflectance

A growing number of leaf traits can be predicted from hyperspectral reflectance data. These include structural and compositional traits, such as leaf mass per area, nitrogen and chlorophyll content, but also physiological traits such a Rubisco carboxylation activity, electron transport rate and respiration rate. Since physiological traits vary with leaf temperature, how does this impact on predictions made from reflectance measurements? We investigated this with two wheat varieties, by repeatedly measuring each leaf through a sequence of temperatures imposed by varying the air temperature in a growth room. The function predicting Rubisco capacity normalised to 25 °C predicted the same value, regardless of leaf temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C. Leaf temperature affected none of the predicted traits: Vcmax25, J, chlorophyll content, LMA, N content per unit leaf area or Vcmax25/N. However, as others have derived models to predict Rubisco activity that includes variation associated with leaf temperature, we discuss whether these functions may include a temperature signal within the reflectance spectra

Effects of naphthalene acetic acid and calcium chloride application on nutrient uptake, growth, yield and post harvest performance of tomato fruit

Tomato plants were foliar sprayed with naphthalene acetic acid (0.02%) and calcium chloride (0.5%, 1%) individually as well as in combination to determine its effect on growth, nutrient uptake, incidence of blossom end rot, fruit yield, and enhancement of shelf life. The results showed increased absorption of calcium in tomato plants and fruits, which were treated with NAA in combination with CaCl2. Higher level of CACl2 (1%) with NAA (0.02%) increased plant growth and yield by improving mineral uptake of tomato plants. The improved calcium absorption also resulted in lowering occurrence of blossom end rot in tomato fruits. In addition, it was also observed that during storage at ambient conditions (20-25 °C) for sixteen days, tomato fruits maintained best quality for longer period of time when treated with calcium chloride (1%) along with naphthalene acetic acid (0.02%) as compared to other treatments. Although, fruit quality was lowered with passage of storage time but tomato fruits from treated plants maintained their quality for longer duration as compared to control

Exogenous application of polyamines improves germination and early seedling growth of hot pepper

Polyamines are low molecular weight organic compounds involved in diverse range of biological processes in all living organisms. Seed priming is a technique that improves seed performance by rapid and uniform germination with normal and vigorous seedlings. A laboratory study was performed to explore the benefits of seed priming with polyamines on seed germination and seedling growth of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Hot pepper seeds were primed in aerated solution of putrescine, spermine, or spermidine (25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) for 48 h at 25 ± 2 °C. Significant results (P < 0.05) were observed for different attributes of seed germination and early seedling growth. Polyamines priming resulted in earlier and synchronized germination via improving final germination percentage, time to 50% germination, mean germination time, germination energy, germination speed and germination index compared with control. Improvement in shoot and root length, seedling fresh and dry weight, seedling growth rate and seedling vigor index was clearly indicative of positive effects of seed priming with polyamines. Out of all polyamines, putrescine proved to be better at low concentrations (i.e. 25 and 50 mM) for most of the traits related to seed emergence and seedling growth

Effect of encapsulated calcium carbide application at different growth stages on potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) growth, yield and tuber quality

Plant growth substances play a vital role in growth and development of plants and have been implicated intensively and extensively in the vegetable production. In recent years, calcium carbide (CaC2) has proved to be a good source of acetylene (nitrification inhibitor) and ethylene (plant hormone). The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of encapsulated calcium carbide (ECC) on the growth, yield and tuber quality of potato. ECC was applied @ 60 kg/ha for each treatment except control at different growth stages of potato (sprout development, vegetative growth, tuber initiation, tuber bulking) and their combinations. The results of this work revealed significant effects of ECC application on number of days to sprouting, number of leaves and stems, plant height, tuber size, yield, weight loss %, shrivillage % and reducing sugars of potato while sprouting percentage, disease incidence %, specific gravity, TSS, total starch, non-reducing sugars and total sugars could not demonstrate significant effects of ECC application. Moreover, it was concluded that different growth stages responded differently against ECC, however, vegetative growth stage showed remarkable effects on potato growth, yield and tuber quality compared to all other stages and their combinations. The enhanced growth, yield and quality of potato indicated the possible role of acetylene and ethylene at active growth stages

Simulation of optimized bolt tightening strategies for gasketed flanged pipe joints

This paper presents results of detailed non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) of gasketed bolted flange pipe joints (GBFJ) of different sizes (1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20 inch) of 900# pressure class for achieving proper preload close to the target stress values with and without considering yielding at bolt and flange and gasket crushing recommended by ASME and industrial guidelines for optimized performance using customized optimization algorithm. In addition, two strategies TCM (torque control method) and SCM (stretch control method) are used which is a normal practice in the industry

Effect of drought stress on growth, yield and seed quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

Plant growth is seriously affected by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity or temperature. Drought is one of the most important limiting factors for agricultural crops and vegetable production in particular all around the world. Drought stress during vegetative or early reproductive growth usually reduces yield by reducing the number of seeds, seed size and seed quality. To assess the effect of drought stress on seed yield, seed quality and growth of tomato, the experiment was conducted in green house in plastic pots at Pen-y-Fridd field station, University of Wales, Bangor, U.K. during 2003-2004. Tomato cv. ‘Moneymaker’ was used as a test crop. There were four treatments i.e. early stress (when first truss has set the fruits), middle stress (when fruits in first truss were fully matured and started changing their colour), late stress (when fruits on first truss were ripened fully), whereas in control no stress was imposed. Analysis of data regarding various attributes (fruit weight and shoot dry weight per plant, number of seeds per fruit, total number of seeds and seed weight per plant and vigour of seed) showed that drought stress had non-significant effect on vigour, quality and yield of tomato seed. Plant height, number of leaves and number of fruits per plant showed significant results toward drought stress signifying drought effects on growth of tomato

Analysis of TM-pass reflection mode optical polarizer using method of lines

A TM-pass polarizer is proposed and analyzed. This polarizer reflects TM polarized waves with low-loss, while the reflected TE polarized waves are highly attenuated. Thus, it is called a reflection mode TM-pass polarizer. The proposed polarizer is realized by adding corrugations in cascade with a four layer high-index metal-clad waveguide. The reflection spectra of device are calculated in order to study the effect of the various parameters of the device. This includes variation of the length of the metalclad section, the thickness of the high index buffer layer, the grating groove depth and the total number of grooves in the corrugated section of the device. The corrugated section of the polarizer causes it to act as a wavelength filter. The device is analyzed numerically using the Method of Lines

Analysis of TM-pass reflection mode optical polarizer using method of lines

A TM-pass polarizer is proposed and analyzed. This polarizer reflects TM polarized waves with low-loss, while the reflected TE polarized waves are highly attenuated. Thus, it is called a reflection mode TM-pass polarizer. The proposed polarizer is realized by adding corrugations in cascade with a four layer high-index metal-clad waveguide. The reflection spectra of device are calculated in order to study the effect of the various parameters of the device. This includes variation of the length of the metalclad section, the thickness of the high index buffer layer, the grating groove depth and the total number of grooves in the corrugated section of the device. The corrugated section of the polarizer causes it to act as a wavelength filter. The device is analyzed numerically using the Method of Lines