The Impact of Syrian Refugees on Natives' Labor Market Outcomes in Turkey: Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Design

Civil war in Syria, which started in March 2011, has led to a massive wave of forced immigration from the Northern Syria to the Southeastern regions of Turkey. This paper exploits this natural experiment to estimate the impact of Syrian refugees on the labor market outcomes of natives in Turkey. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that immigration has considerably affected the employment outcomes of natives, while its impact on wage outcomes has been negligible. We document notable employment losses among informal workers as a consequence of refugee inflows. The majority of those who lost their informal jobs have either left the labor force or remained unemployed. Overall, unemployment rates have increased, while labor force participation, informal employment, and job finding rates have declined among natives. Disadvantaged groups -- i.e., females, younger workers, and less-educated workers|have been affected the worst. The prevalence of informal employment in the Turkish labor markets has amplified the negative impact of Syrian refugee inflows on natives' labor market outcomes

Flow comparison around horizontal single and tandem cylinders at different immersion elevations

Flow characteristic around a horizontal cylinder and tandem horizontal cylinders were compared in shallow water of which height was kept constant as hw = 60 mm in this study. The other parameters, taken constant, were free stream velocity and diameter of circular cylinders of which values were U = 167 mm/s and D = 30 mm, respectively. To evaluate the time-averaged and instantaneous velocity vector area in the wake zone at Reynolds number; ReD = 5000 basis on the diameter of cylinder, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was operated. The gap (L) between the tandem cylinders was enhanced from 0 until 90 mm through 15 mm enhancements and it was enhanced from 90 up to 150 mm through 30 mm enhancements in order to observe effect of the gap on flow characteristics. Moreover, another important parameter was the submersion level that ranged from 7.5 until 60 mm through 7.5 mm increments (hD/D = 0.25–2) during the experiments. Five hundred instantaneous images were used in order to obtain Reynolds stress correlation, corresponding streamline topology and the mean velocity vector field. The investigation represented that the alternative cylinder attenuates the dimension of the wake zone in accordance with L/D = 0 location. The wake zone obviously happens between tandem cylinders at the starting of L/D = 1 location. When the space between tandem cylinders deepens the dimension of the wake zone rises. © 201

Suppression of vortex shedding of circular cylinder in shallow water by a splitter plate

The flow behavior around a vertical circular cylinder placed in shallow water was controlled by a splitter plate inserted at various locations downstream of the cylinder. The splitter plate has a fixed length which is equal to the diameter of the cylinder, D = 50 mm. The effect of plate thickness, T, was examined using three plates with different thicknesses, T/D = 0.016, 0.04 and 0.08. The gap between the base of the cylinder and the leading edge of the splitter plate was increased successively from 0 to 100mm with 12.5mm increments. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the instantaneous velocity vector field in the wake region at Reynolds number Re = 5000 based on the cylinder diameter. The mean velocity vector field, corresponding vorticity field and streamline topology and turbulence statistics were obtained using 200 instantaneous images. The water height was kept constant at 25mm during the experiments. The splitter plate has a substantial effect on the suppression of the vortex shedding for the gap ratio (G/D) between 0 and 1.75D. For 1.75, the normalized Reynolds stress has a peak value of 0.0158, which is approximately 8.5 times smaller than the concentrations occurring for the bare cylinder. When the splitter plate was located at 2D location, no effect of the plate was observed. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All Rights reserved

Investigation of flow structure around a horizontal cylinder at different elevations in shallow water

Flow characteristics around a horizontal circular cylinder were investigated in shallow water. The diameter of circular cylinder, the height of shallow water and free stream velocity were kept constant during the experiments as D=30 mm, hw=60 mm and U=167 mm/s, respectively. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure instantaneous and time-averaged velocity vector fields in the near wake region. In order to investigate the effect of immersion, the cylinder was placed at eight different elevations (hD) between bottom and free surface (from 7.5 to 60 mm with 7.5 mm increments). Instantaneous and time-averaged velocity vector field, corresponding streamline patterns and Reynolds stress correlation were used to analyze the behavior of the flow downstream of horizontal cylinder. The mean velocity vector field, corresponding streamline topology and Reynolds stress correlation were obtained using 500 instantaneous images. As the immersion level ratio (hD/D) increases, the magnitude of jet-like flow velocity goes up ranged from hD/D=0.25-1. Time averaged flow characteristics show that there is a difference between primary and developing circulation bubble depending on direction of rotation. This occurrence causes the entrainment and this stimulates the momentum transfer between the core and wake flow region for hD/D=1 and 2 cases. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd

Control of vortex shedding of circular cylinder in shallow water flow using an attached splitter plate

In the present work, passive control of vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder by splitter plates of various lengths attached on the cylinder base is experimentally investigated in shallow water flow. Detailed measurements of instantaneous and time-averaged flow data of wake flow region at a Reynolds number of Re=6300 were obtained by particle image velocimetry technique. The length of the splitter plate was varied from L/D=0.2 to L/D=2.4 in order to see the effect of the splitter plate length on the flow characteristics. Instantaneous and time-averaged flow data clearly indicate that the length of the splitter plate has a substantial effect on the flow characteristics. The flow characteristics in the wake region of the circular cylinder sharply change up to the splitter plate length of L/D= 1.0. Above this plate length, small changes occur in the flow characteristics. Copyright © 2008 by ASME