Onset of inflation in inhomogeneous cosmology

We study how the initial inhomogeneities of the universe affect the onset of inflation in the closed universe. We consider the model of a chaotic inflation which is driven by a massive scalar field. In order to construct an inhomogeneous universe model, we use the long wavelength approximation ( the gradient expansion method ). We show the condition of the inhomogeneities for the universe to enter the inflationary phase.Comment: 22 pages including 12 eps figures, RevTe

An ultrastructural investigation of dermato-pontin-knockout mouse corneas

Introduction The corneal stroma is composed of a network of heterotypic collagen fibrils, proteoglycans and matrix proteins. Transparency of the tissue principally requires the uniformity of fibril diameters and interfibrillar distances and the presence of a quasi-hexagonal lattice arrangement of parallel fibrils. Keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPGs) have a crucial role and the KS chains are clearly required for the maintenance of transparency. Undersulfation of corneal KS results in tissue opacity and the lumican (a KSPG) knockout mouse shows corneal opacity and the disruption of collagen fibril diameters and interfibrillar distances (Chakravarti et al. 1998). Biochemical analysis has shown that dermatopontin is an abundant component of the extracellular matrix and that it interacts with KSPGs via the KS chains. This study aims to determine whether dermatopontin has a direct role in corneal matrix organization by investigating the corneal ultrastructure of dermatopontin-null (dpt–/–) mouse corneas. Materials and methods Conventional light microscopy was used to compare the corneal thickness of dpt–/– mice (Takeda et al. 2002) with that of the wild-type. Collagen fibril distribution was studied using transmission electron microscopy and the datasets analysed using SIS-pro image analysis software to determine fibrillar volume, shape factor, fibril diameter and spacing. Results Light microscopy demonstrated that dpt–/– corneas show a 24% reduction in average stromal thickness compared to wild-type (P < 0.001). The epithelium and Descemet's membrane appear normal. Examination of dpt–/– stroma by transmission electron microscopy indicates a significant disruption to lamellar organization in the posterior region while the central and anterior regions appear largely unaffected compared to wild-type. The collagen fibrils in dpt–/– stroma show a pronounced increase in interfibrillar spacing as well as exhibiting a lower fibril volume fraction. There is no apparent difference in fibril diameter between dpt–/– and wild-type mice. Discussion Collectively, these data suggest that dermatopontin plays a key role in collagen fibril organization and deposition. Like the cornea from lumican-knockout mice (Chakravarti et al. 1998), the defects in collagen organization in dpt–/– cornea appear to be most severe in the posterior stroma. It is likely that dermatopontin interacts with the KS chains on lumican and this interaction is involved in the maintenance of stromal architecture