A clinical analysis of outcome in management of head injury in patients with highway road accidents

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major cause of misery, disability and death globally, with a disproportionate number occurring in developing countries. Complications from closed head injuries are the single largest cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who reach the hospital alive. The present study assesses the outcome in the management of head injury admitted in our hospital following RTA in the period of one year.  Methods: This retrospective study carried out in the department of Neurosurgery in a rural tertiary hospital, Kolar, Karnataka, India. Patients who got admitted between periods of January 2012 to January 2013 were included in the study. All patients were clinically evaluated by a team comprising of doctors from surgical, medical and orthopedics specialties in the emergency department and subsequently admitted and treated at neurosurgery. The study was conducted based on these reports and observations and outcome of patients. The results were expressed as percentages.Results: At the time of admission 41% patients were under alcoholic influence, 97% patients had history of LOC, 50% patients had ENT bleed and 7.5% had CSF leak.  The GCS score of less than 8 was seen in 33% cases, 9 to12 in 52% cases and between 12 to 14 in 15% patients. As per Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), 91% of patients had good recovery, 5.5% patients had disability (hemiparesis, ptosis) and 3.5% patients died in the course of treatment. Conclusions: Head injury due to RTA is a recognized major public health problem causing death and disability among the population. So it should be managed in time and also should be looked seriously by concerned authority for reducing the incidences of head injury associated with RTA and protecting people by debilitating conditions

FORMULATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE MICROBEADS LOADED WITH ZALTOPROFEN

Objective: The main aim of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate microbeads of zaltoprofen. Zaltoprofen, a BCS class II drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Zaltoprofen has a shorter half-life of 2.8 h, and it is administered at a dose of 80 mg thrice a day. By encapsulating the drug into microbeads, it is expected that the release of the drug would be prolonged and thereby, it reduces the frequency of administration and better patient compliance may be improved. Methods: Gellan-chitosan and calcium chloride beads of zaltoprofen were prepared employing ionotropic gelation method using different concentrations of gellan, chitosan, calcium chloride and zaltoprofen. The microbeads were evaluated for its various Physico-chemical parameters such as particle size determination, drug entrapment efficiency, infrared spectroscopy study, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro drug release study and in vivo oral bioavailability studies. Results: The results suggested that the batch FG-II exhibited higher drug entrapment efficiency (72.42±0.013), a sustained drug release for a period of 24 h. The pharmacokinetic profile of the drug from microbeads exhibited an enhanced oral bioavailability (2.4 times higher than that of pure drug), lower elimination rate (1.14 times lesser for the drug in microbeads) with prolonged elimination half-life (2.561 times higher than pure zaltoprofen). Conclusion: Zaltoprofen entrapped microbeads demonstrated as a better delivery system for the sustained release of drug and also to circumvent the drawbacks associated with conventional therapy

A comparative study of the Milch method and the Spaso method in the reduction of anterior dislocation of the shoulder

Background: The Milch and Spaso methods are used for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation of the shoulder. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of these two methods.Methods: Sixty patients with anterior glenohumeral dislocation were included in this study. 30 patients were reduced by each of the 2 methods and the efficacy and the pain experienced by the patient was studied.Results: Both methods were found to be equally efficacious. The pain felt by the patient was lower in the Milch method but this was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Both the Milch and the Spaso methods are equally effective methods for reduction of anterior dislocation of the shoulder

The structures of eleven (4-phenyl)piperazinium salts containing organic anions

Eleven (4-phen­yl)piperazinium salts containing organic anions have been prepared and structurally characterized, namely, 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium 4-fluoro­benzoate monohydrate, C10H15N2+·C7H4FO2−·H2O, 1; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium 4-bromo­benzoate monohydrate, C10H15N2+·C7H4BrO2−·H2O, 3; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium 4-iodo­benzoate, C10H15N2+·C7H4IO2−, 4; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium 4-nitro­benzoate, C10H15N2+·C7H4NO4−, 5; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium 3,5-di­nitro­salicylate, C10H15N2+·C7H3N2O7−, 6; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium 3,5-di­nitro­benzoate, C10H15N2+·C7H3N2O6−, 7; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium picrate, C10H15N2+·C6H2N3O7−, 8; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium benzoate monohydrate, C10H15N2+·C7H5O2−·H2O, 9; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium p-toluene­sulfonate, C10H15N2+·C7H7O3S−, 10; 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium tartarate monohydrate, C10H15N2+·C4H5O6−·H2O, 11; and 4-phenyl­piperazin-1-ium fumarate, C10H15N2+·C4H3O4−, 12. Compounds 1 and 3–12 are all 1:1 salts with the acid proton transferred to the phenyl­piperaizine basic N atom (the secondary amine) with the exception of 3 where there is disorder in the proton position with it being 68% attached to the base and 32% attached to the acid. Of the structures with similar stoichiometries only 3 and 9 are isomorphous. The 4-phenyl substituent in all cases occupies an equatorial position except for 12 where it is in an axial position. The crystal chosen for structure 7 was refined as a non-merohedral twin. There is disorder in 5, 6, 10 and 11. For both 5 and 6, a nitro group is disordered and was modeled with two equivalent orientations with occupancies of 0.62 (3)/0.38 (3) and 0.690 (11)/0.310 (11), respectively. For 6, 10 and 11, this disorder is associated with the phenyl ring of the phenyl­piperazinium cation with occupancies of 0.687 (10)/0.313 (10), 0.51 (7)/0.49 (7) and 0.611 (13)/389 (13), respectively. For all salts, the packing is dominated by the N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds formed by the cation and anion. In addition, several structures contain C—H⋯π (1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, and 12) and aromatic π–π stacking inter­actions (6 and 8) and one structure (5) contains a –NO2⋯π inter­action. For all structures, the Hirshfeld surface fingerprint plots show the expected prominent spikes as a result of the N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Radiation-Induced Hypomethylation Triggers Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Transcription in Meningioma Cells

AbstractOur previous studies have shown the role of radiation-induced urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in the progression of meningioma. In the present study, we investigated whether modulation of DNA methylation profiles could regulate uPA expression. Initially, radiation treatment was found to induce hypomethylation in meningioma cells with a decrease in DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and methyl-CpG binding domain protein (MBD) expression. However, oxidative damage by H2O2 or pretreatment of irradiated cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) did not show any influence on these proteins, thereby indicating a radiation-specific change in the methylation patterns among meningioma cells. Further, we identified that hypomethylation is coupled to an increase in uPA expression in these cells. Azacytidine treatment induced a dose-dependent surge of uPA expression, whereas pre-treatment with sodium butyrate inhibited radiation-induced uPA expression, which complemented our prior results. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction on bisulfite-treated genomic DNA revealed a diminished methylation of uPA promoter in irradiated cells. Transfection with small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-expressing plasmids targeting CpG islands of the uPA promoter showed a marked decline in uPA expression with subsequent decrease in invasion and proliferation of meningioma cells. Further, radiation treatment was found to recruit SP1 transcription factor, which was abrogated by shRNA treatment. Analysis on signaling events demonstrated the activation of MAP kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in radiation-treated cells, while U0126 (MEK/ERK inhibitor) blocked hypomethylation, recruitment of SP1, and uPA expression. In agreement with our in vitro data, low DNMT1 levels and high uPA were found in intracranial tumors treated with radiation compared to untreated tumors. In conclusion, our data suggest that radiation-mediated hypomethylation triggers uPA expression in meningioma cells

Role of Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs) in the Viral Life Cycle

Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the host cell machinery for their replication and dissemination. Cellular lipids play a central role in multiple stages of the viral life cycle such as entry, replication, morphogenesis, and egress. Most viruses reorganize the host cell membranes for the establishment of viral replication complex. These specialized structures allow the segregation of replicating viral RNA from ribosomes and protect it from host nucleases. They also facilitate localized enrichment of cellular components required for viral replication and assembly. The specific composition of the lipid membrane governs its ability to form negative or positive curvature and possess a rigid or flexible form, which is crucial for membrane rearrangement and establishment of viral replication complexes. In this review, we highlight how different viruses manipulate host lipid transfer proteins and harness their functions to enrich different membrane compartments with specific lipids in order to facilitate multiple aspects of the viral life cycle

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION TO OPTIMIZE PROCESS PARAMETERS IN DRILLING OPERATION FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Metal cutting is one of the most important processes in the field of material removal. Specific metal cuts in black, such as removing metal chips from a workpiece, to obtain a final product of the size, shape and surface properties required. The basic objective of metal cutting is to solve practical problems related to effective and accurate removal of metals from the workpiece. It has been recognized that reliable quantitative predictions of different technological performance measures, preferably in the form of comparisons, are necessary to develop improvement strategies for selecting cutting conditions in the planning of operations. In this thesis, experiments will be carried out to improve the surface quality of the glass fiber reinforced glass (GFRP) using the HSS (M2) drill bit 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm. The type is the nose tip of the bull. A series of experiments will be performed by changing the cutter parameters, speed, feed rate and cut depth. Speed ​​of 500 rpm, feed rate of 0.04 mm / revolution, 95-degree bitmap, width of 0.8 mm for surface roughness, 1500 mph error rate, feed rate of 0.06 mm / revolution, point angle at 95 ° C The width of the 0.8 mm chisel is optimal. The Taguchi method is used to determine the effect of process parameters and to determine the relationship between speed, feed and cut depth in relation to the large machining factor, surface finish. Micro-validation checks appear to be good under the agreement with experimental data