A community based study to determine incidence of cervical cancer and willingness of women to participate in cervical cancer screening program in Navsari, Gujarat, India

Background: Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a major health problem faced by the Indian women. Regular cervical cytological examination by all sexually active women can prevent the occurrence of carcinoma cervix. Early detection of cervical cancer is possible with Pap smear tests. Methods: Women above 25 years of age, living in study area and want to participate in study were included. Total 2352 women were enrolled in study. House to house visits were conducted in all the village area by using simple random sampling method. Information about cervical cancer was given. Pap test for cervical cancer screening was carried out by gynaecologist. Cytological examination and confirmation was done by pathologists.Results: A total of 3001 women had attended village level IEC session and out that, 2352 (78.4%) women took part in the screening program. Out of these 2352 women, 2007 women (85.3% compliance) had given consent for physical cervical examination and Pap smear. The incidence of cervical cancer was 0.2% on the basis of clinical examination and biopsy.Conclusions: Higher compliance for undergoing vaginal examination and Pap test shows the positive health seeking behaviour of the women but for that, strong IEC and sensitization about the disease must be done to improve the participation. Sensitivity of Pap test was poor and couldn’t find true positive cases

STUDY OF TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOUS INFECTION AMONG CHILDREN IN CONTACT WITH PARENTS HAVING TUBERCULOSIS

Introduction: The goal of tuberculosis (TB) control programs is to eliminate the disease by breaking the chain of transmission. Since open cases are rarely present in children, it is imperative that along with the treatment of adults, children coming in contact with the adults be screened simultaneously. This study was done know occurrence of TB infection among children in household contacts with parents having tuberculosis & identify the possible risk factors. Methods: 300 children under the age of 15 years who were in household contact with parents on anti tubercular treatment underwent tuberculin skin testing and ESR estimation. Transverse indurations of greater than 10 mm and ESR>40mm/hr were suggestive of tubercular infection. Risk factors such as age, nutritional status, SE status, BCG vaccination and anemia were studied. Results: 90(30%) out of 300 children were positive for the infection. The risk of transmission of infection is significantly higher if both the parents are affected (50%). The important risk factors for infection transmission were younger age, severe malnutrition, lower socio-economic status, absence of BCG vaccination and anemia (P value <0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of tuberculosis infection among children in household contact with parents is higher than in the general population. Novel approaches for child contact screening and management that improves the implementation of the same needs to be further evaluated in national programmes

A STUDY OF DIPHTHERIA CASES AMONG HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS IN AHMEDABAD

Introduction: Even after 20 years of UIP diphtheria is still prevalent showing up and down trends in India. India contributes about 19 to 84% of total burden worldwide and many of time it is unidentified and notified. Present study is aimed to study Diphtheria cases in a tertiary care hospital Ahmedabad from January 2012 to December 2015 Methodology: Total 74 confirm throat swab smear or culture for C Diphtheria positive patients were included in study. Their age, immunisation status, response to treatment in form of throat swab clearance of bacilli, complications and mortality was noted and analysed. Results: 38(51.35%) were from 5-10 years age groups. Inappropriate booster doses and waning immunity in older age is responsible for shifting of age pattern . 9% of cases were fully immunised and had very milder form of disease. 56.65% were unimmunised had more severe form, complications, delayed clearance of throat bacilli and mortality. 90% patients throat swab cleared within 72 hours of starting treatment showing sensitivity of bacilli to slandered treatment. 12(18.9%) patients were expired mostly due to cardiac complications. Conclusion: Thus strengthening of routine immunisation, early identification and timely intervention can definitely overcome the resurgence of disease.

Simultano UV-spektrofotometrijsko određivanje ramiprila, acetilsalicilne kiseline i atorvastatin kalcija u kapsulama primjenom kemometrijskih metoda

In the present work, three different spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of ramipril, aspirin and atorvastatin calcium in raw materials and in formulations are described. Overlapped data was quantitatively resolved by using chemometric methods, viz. inverse least squares (ILS), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS). Calibrations were constructed using the absorption data matrix corresponding to the concentration data matrix. The linearity range was found to be 1-5, 10-50 and 2-10 µg mL–1 for ramipril, aspirin and atorvastatin calcium, respectively. The absorbance matrix was obtained by measuring the zero-order absorbance in the wavelength range between 210 and 320 nm. A training set design of the concentration data corresponding to the ramipril, aspirin and atorvastatin calcium mixtures was organized statistically to maximize the information content from the spectra and to minimize the error of multivariate calibrations. By applying the respective algorithms for PLS 1, PCR and ILS to the measured spectra of the calibration set, a suitable model was obtained. This model was selected on the basis of RMSECV and RMSEP values. The same was applied to the prediction set and capsule formulation. Mean recoveries of the commercial formulation set together with other figures of merit (calibration sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and analytical sensitivity) were estimated. Validity of the proposed approaches was successfully assessed for analyses of drugs in the various prepared physical mixtures and formulations.U radu su opisane tri različite spektrofotometrijske metode za određivanje ramiprila, acetilsalicilne kiseline i atorvastatin kalcija u sirovinama i formulacijama. Preklapanje podataka kvantitativno je riješeno pomoću kemometrijskih metoda, tj. metodama inverznih najmanjih kvadrata (ILS), regresije glavnog sastojka (PCR) i djelomičnih najmanjih kvadrata (PLS). Kalibracije su postavljene pomoću matrice podataka za apsorpciju koja odgovara matrici pripadajućih koncentracija. Područje linearnosti za ramipril iznosilo je 1–5, za acetilsalicilnu kiselinu 10–50, a za atorvastatin kalcij 2–10 µg mL–1. Matrica s apsorbancijama dobivena je mjerenjem apsorbancije nultog reda na valnim duljinama između 210 i 320 nm. Set podataka za koncentracije ramiprila, acetilsalicilne kiseline i atorvastatin kalcija u smjesi statistički je tako organiziran da osigura maksimalnu količinu informacije u spektrima i minimalizira grešku multivarijantnih kalibracija. Primjenom odgovarajućih algoritama za PLS, PCR i ILS na snimljene spektre kalibracijskog seta dobiven je dobar model, koji je odabran na temelju RMSECV i RMSEP vrijednosti. Isti model je primijenjen i na set s predviđenim vrijednostima i na kapsule sa smjesom ove tri ljekovite tvari. Određena je srednja vrijednost povrata za komercijalnu formulaciju te ostale analitičke izvedbene značajke (kalibracijska osjetljivost, selektivnost, granica dokazivanja, granica određivanja i analitička osjetljivost). Potvrđena je primjenjljivost predloženih metoda u analizama lijekova u fizičkim smjesama i u gotovim ljekovitim oblicima

Tribology of Plant-Based Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites – a Short Review

In the framework of environment-friendly materials, natural fiber polymer matrix composites are in demand in the current years. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites (NFRPCs) involved massive attention to the industries and academia due to their excellent strength, modulus of elasticity, and Tribo properties. This article focuses on the application of natural fiber-reinforced composite materials in many engineering systems and the effect of different material parameters – like the length of the fiber, fiber weight fraction, fiber surface treatment, fiber orientation, etc., and different operating parameters – like load, speed, sliding distance, temperature, etc., on the friction and wear behavior of the NFRPCs. The different wear mechanisms and the principle used in wear test rigs are also presented, aiming to showcase a scope of composite as Tribo material and highlight further research directions to accomplish a comprehensive outline on the tribo behavior of various natural fiber-reinforced composite materials

Bequeath life to death: State-of-art review on three stage helical gearbox

Several research papers available in notable publications have been dedicated to different stages of helical gearbox. However, most of the previous investigation was focused on single stage and double stage helical gearboxes, while only a few studies covered triple stage helical gearboxes even though it has numerous advantages. Recently, the significance of three stage helical gearboxes has received a lot of attention among various research professionals associated in this area. In this study, comprehensive assessment was conducted on the current three stage helical gearbox literatures for examining most currently used distinct research designs, methods, tools &amp; techniques, enablers &amp; barriers and also identifying diverse research inclinations, major findings, shortcomings and suggesting the potential directions in futuristic research. This exploration perilously investigated 275 research papers on various stages of helical gearbox and conducted a structured literature review of 28 articles on three stage helical gearboxes published in various journals over the last two decades using content analysis methodology with inductive research approach. The major findings shows that there are immense potential for dominating the research field and several opportunities still exists for three stage helical gearboxes development, which in turn open up new avenues for experts and industries

Experimental investigation and prediction of wear behavior of cotton fiber polyester composites

Abstract The cotton fiber reinforced polyester composites were fabricated with varying amount of graphite fillers (0, 3, 5 wt.%) with a hand lay-up technique. Wear tests were planned by using a response surface (Box Behnken method) design of experiments and conducted on a pin-on-disc machine (POD) test setup. The effect of the weight percentage of graphite content on the dry sliding wear behavior of cotton fiber polyester composite (CFPC) was examined by considering the effect of operating parameters like load, speed, and sliding distance. The wear test results showed the inclusion of 5 wt.% of graphite as fillers in CFPC increase wear resistance compared to 3 wt.% of graphite fillers. The graphite fillers were recommended for CFPC to increase the wear resistance of the material. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the wear mechanism. To predict the wear behavior of the composite material, comparisons were made between the general regression technique and an artificial neural network (ANN). The conformation test results revealed the predicted wear with the ANN was acceptable when compared with the actual experimental results and the regression mathematical models

Influence of phytohormones on embryonic and vegetative growth of Caesalpinia crista

Phytohormones are known to play crucial role in growth and development of plants. Effect of phytohormones is diverse in different plant species depending on its concentration, type of species and environmental factors where plant is growing. To know the influence of phytohormones on germination and vegetative growth physiology of Caesalpina crista present research work was designed. Initially seeds of Caesalpina crista were treated with different hormones Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid (GA) and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP)) and its effect on growth of embryo and tissue pattern formation was observed. Further, germinated plants were allowed to grow in soil and phytohormonal treatment was given at an interval of 15 days. Changes in vegetative growth physiology of plants were observed. On the basis of this analysis, it was concluded that Benzylaminopurine (BAP) treatment increases germination rate and shoot length of Caesalpina crista plants by promoting growth of pumule in embryo. IAA increases the leaf area and number of leaflets in plants. From the microscopic anatomical analysis of stem, it was observed that Although the number of vascular bundles were more in BAP treated plants, cambium activity was low as compared to GA and IAA treated plants. Endarch xylem differentiation was observed in GA and IAA treated plants whereas random xylem differentiation was observed in control and BAP treated plants

Influence of phytohormones on embryonic and vegetative growth of Caesalpinia crista

Phytohormones are known to play crucial role in growth and development of plants. Effect of phytohormones is diverse in different plant species depending on its concentration, type of species and environmental factors where plant is growing. To know the influence of phytohormones on germination and vegetative growth physiology of Caesalpina crista present research work was designed. Initially seeds of Caesalpina crista were treated with different hormones Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid (GA) and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP)) and its effect on growth of embryo and tissue pattern formation was observed. Further, germinated plants were allowed to grow in soil and phytohormonal treatment was given at an interval of 15 days. Changes in vegetative growth physiology of plants were observed. On the basis of this analysis, it was concluded that Benzylaminopurine (BAP) treatment increases germination rate and shoot length of Caesalpina crista plants by promoting growth of pumule in embryo. IAA increases the leaf area and number of leaflets in plants. From the microscopic anatomical analysis of stem, it was observed that Although the number of vascular bundles were more in BAP treated plants, cambium activity was low as compared to GA and IAA treated plants. Endarch xylem differentiation was observed in GA and IAA treated plants whereas random xylem differentiation was observed in control and BAP treated plants