Life Products of Stars

We attempt to document complete energetic transactions of stars in their life. We calculate photon and neutrino energies that are produced from stars in their each phase of evolution from 1 to 8 M_sun, using the state-of-the-art stellar evolution code, tracing the evolution continuously from pre-main sequence gravitational contraction to white dwarfs. We also catalogue gravitational and thermal energies and helium, and heavier elements that are stored in stars and those ejected into interstellar space in each evolutionary phase.Comment: 26 pages, including 8 figures and 3 tables. Submitted to ApJ

Miscalculated Risks: The German Declaration of War against the United States, 1917 and 1941

Twice in this century, Germany opted for war with the United States on the basis of what its leaders perceived to have been calculated risks designed to overcome a strategic impasse on the Continent. Twice the gambles failed. The first miscalculation ended in defeat and revolution; the second in near annihilation