A Review of Studies Evaluating Insecticide Barrier Treatments for Mosquito Control From 1944 to 2018

Background and Purpose: Barrier insecticide treatments have a long history in mosquito control programs but have been used more frequently in the United States in recent years for control of invasive “backyard� species (eg, Aedes albopictus) and increases in incidence of vector-borne diseases (eg, Zika). Methods: We reviewed the published literature for studies investigating barrier treatments for mosquito control during the last 74 years (1944-2018). We searched databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to retrieve worldwide literature on barrier treatments. Results: Forty-four studies that evaluated 20 active ingredients (AIs) and 21 formulated products against multiple mosquito species are included. Insecticides investigated for efficacy included organochlorines (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], β-hexachlorocyclohexane [BHC]), organophosphates (malathion), and pyrethroids (bifenthrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin) as AIs. Study design varied with multiple methods used to evaluate effectiveness of barrier treatments. Barrier treatments were effective at lowering mosquito populations although there was variation between studies and for different mosquito species. Factors other than AI, such as exposure to rainfall and application equipment used, also influenced control efficacy. Conclusions: Many of the basic questions on the effectiveness of barrier insecticide applications have been answered, but several important details still must be investigated to improve precision and impact on vector-borne pathogen transmission. Recommendations are made to assist future evaluations of barrier treatments for mosquito control and to limit the potential development of insecticide resistance

An alternative method for the exact calculation of Wannier-Stark localization in superlattices

We present an alternative method for the exact calculations of the Wannier-Stark (WS) localization in a long periodic potential corresponding to a (50 Angstrom /30 Angstrom) GaAs/Ga0.7Al0.3As superlattice. We show that the electric field dependence of the electron wavefunction has unique localization dynamics. One interesting prediction is a small effect involving the change of the dipole field with increasing WS field. It is argued that this may give rise to parasitic effects in Bloch oscillations and, therefore, to noise in coherent terahertz emission. (C) 2001 Academic Press

Electronic energy spectra in a multiple quantum well within external electric and tilted magnetic fields

The analytical solution of the Schrodinger equation for a multiple-quantum-well system subjected to an externally applied electric field in the growth direction and an externally applied tilted magnetic field are obtained and results are discussed. The dependence of the energy spectrum of the system on the external electric field as a function of the orbit centre is also discussed and the behaviour of the wavefunctions of the system is examined

Barrier height effect on binding energies of shallow hydrogenic impurities in coaxial GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum well wires under a uniform magnetic field

The ground state binding energies of axial hydrogenic impurities in a coaxial cylindrical quantum well wire are reported as a function of the barrier height and the radius of wire in the presence of a uniform magnetic field applied parallel to the wire axis. The quantum well wire (QWW) is assumed to be an infinitely long cylinder of GaAs material surrounded by AlxGa1-xAs (for finite case and vacuum for infinite case). Binding energy calculations were performed with the use of a variational procedure in the effective mass approximation. We observed that the binding energy is sensitive to well radius only for both larger R values and small magnetic fields. We also compared the infinite and finite case binding energies and showed that increasing the Al concentration in the finite barrier case, binding energies are increased as expected. Our results are in good agreement and complementary with the previous theoretical works. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Computer simulation of digital communication systems A beginner's guide

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:7620.855(BU-PSEEE--467) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo