Fulven-Aldehyde

Durch Umsetzung von Fulvenen mit Phosphoroxychlorid in Dimethylformamid erhält man in guten Ausbeuten Fulven-aldehyde, von denen bisher kein Vertreter bekannt war

Fulvene — Isomere benzoider Verbindungen

In ihrem Bindungszustand und ihrer Reaktivität nehmen die Fulvene eine Mittelstellung zwischen den ihnen isomeren benzoiden Verbindungen und den Olefinen ein. In Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten am exocyclischen C-Atom bestimmen der Diencharakter des gekreuzt konjugierten Systems oder die cyclische Konjugation im fünfgliedrigen Ring das chemische und physikalische Verhalten der Fulvene. Neben einigen neuen Substitutionsreaktionen werden besonders Synthesen und Reaktionen von den mit Anilinen und Phenolen isomeren 6-Amino- und 6-Hydroxy-fulvenen beschrieben. Derivate dieser Verbindungen ermöglichen die Darstellung neuartiger nichtbenzoider, cyclisch konjugierter Systeme wie carbo- und hetero-cyclischer Azulene, Pseudoazulene, Thiepine, Dihydropyridazine und des s-Indacens

Competing charge transfer pathways at the photosystem II-electrode interface.

The integration of the water-oxidation enzyme photosystem II (PSII) into electrodes allows the electrons extracted from water oxidation to be harnessed for enzyme characterization and to drive novel endergonic reactions. However, PSII continues to underperform in integrated photoelectrochemical systems despite extensive optimization efforts. Here we carried out protein-film photoelectrochemistry using spinach and Thermosynechococcus elongatus PSII, and we identified a competing charge transfer pathway at the enzyme-electrode interface that short-circuits the known water-oxidation pathway. This undesirable pathway occurs as a result of photo-induced O2 reduction occurring at the chlorophyll pigments and is promoted by the embedment of PSII in an electron-conducting fullerene matrix, a common strategy for enzyme immobilization. Anaerobicity helps to recover the PSII photoresponse and unmasks the onset potentials relating to the QA/QB charge transfer process. These findings impart a fuller understanding of the charge transfer pathways within PSII and at photosystem-electrode interfaces, which will lead to more rational design of pigment-containing photoelectrodes in general.This work was supported by the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/H00338X/2 to E. Reisner), the U.K. Biology and Biotechnological Sciences Research Council (BB/K010220/1 to E. Reisner), a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship (PIIF-GA-2012-328085 RPSII to J.J.Z.). N.P. was supported by the Winton Fund for the Physics of Sustainability. E. Romero. and R.v.G. were supported by the VU University Amsterdam, the Laserlab-Europe Consortium, the TOP grant (700.58.305) from the Foundation of Chemical Sciences part of NWO, the Advanced Investigator grant (267333, PHOTPROT) from the European Research Council, and the EU FP7 project PAPETS (GA 323901). R.v.G. gratefully acknowledges his `Academy Professor' grant from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). We would also like to thank Miss Katharina Brinkert and Prof A. William Rutherford for a sample of T. elongatus PSII, and H. v. Roon for preparation of the spinach PSII samples

Financial doping and financial fair play in European Club football competitions

Addresses the emerging area of manipulation in professional sports by bringing a collection of original contributions together in one volume for the first time Provides an interdisciplinary approach, combining economic, business administrative and legal issues, that enables a complete overview for any scholar interested in the global economics of, and manipulation of sport, in general Presents contributions from world class scholars that are well known in their area

Fulven-Aldehyde

Durch Umsetzung von Fulvenen mit Phosphoroxychlorid in Dimethylformamid erhält man in guten Ausbeuten Fulven-aldehyde, von denen bisher kein Vertreter bekannt war

Fulvene — Isomere benzoider Verbindungen

In ihrem Bindungszustand und ihrer Reaktivität nehmen die Fulvene eine Mittelstellung zwischen den ihnen isomeren benzoiden Verbindungen und den Olefinen ein. In Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten am exocyclischen C-Atom bestimmen der Diencharakter des gekreuzt konjugierten Systems oder die cyclische Konjugation im fünfgliedrigen Ring das chemische und physikalische Verhalten der Fulvene. Neben einigen neuen Substitutionsreaktionen werden besonders Synthesen und Reaktionen von den mit Anilinen und Phenolen isomeren 6-Amino- und 6-Hydroxy-fulvenen beschrieben. Derivate dieser Verbindungen ermöglichen die Darstellung neuartiger nichtbenzoider, cyclisch konjugierter Systeme wie carbo- und hetero-cyclischer Azulene, Pseudoazulene, Thiepine, Dihydropyridazine und des s-Indacens

Spatial Distribution of Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Aggregate‐Forming HeLa Cells Analyzed by μ‐XRF Imaging

Protein aggregation is a hallmark of several severe neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, or Alzheimer's disease. Metal ions play a profound role in protein aggregation and altered metal-ion homeostasis is associated with disease progression. Here we utilize μ-X-ray fluorescence imaging in combination with rapid freezing to resolve the elemental distribution of phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and zinc in huntingtin exon-1-mYFP expressing HeLa cells. Using quantitative XRF analysis, we find a threefold increase in zinc and a 10-fold enrichment of potassium that can be attributed to cellular stress response. While the averaged intracellular ion areal masses are significantly different in aggregate-containing cells, a local intracellular analysis shows no different ion content at the location of intracellular inclusion bodies. The results are compared to corresponding experiments on HeLa cells forming pseudoisocyanine chloride aggregates. As those show similar results, changes in ion concentrations are not exclusively linked to huntingtin exon-1 amyloid formation