Strukturwandel der schweizerischen Lehrerbildung

So begann Johann Rudolph Steinmüller seine „Vorschläge eines Versuchs zur Errichtung einer Erziehungsanstalt angehender Landschullehrer im reformierten Theile des Kantons Säntis“, die er im Jahr 1800 dem Erziehungsrat des neu gegründeten Kantons Säntis vorlegte. Steinmüller formulierte drei Grundannahmen, die bis heute in der schweizerischen Lehrerbildung unbestritten sind: Erstens hielt er eine Ausbildung der Lehrkräfte für sinnvoll und notwendig: Lehrkräfte werden nicht ‚geboren‘, sondern müssen ausgebildet werden. Zweitens sollten Lehrkräfte in den zu unterrichtenden Fächern fachlich ausgebildet werden, und drittens sollte diese fachliche Ausbildung durch eine methodische ergänzt werden

Cognitive behavioral stress management effects on cancer-related distress and neuroendocrine signaling in breast cancer: differential effects by neighborhood disadvantage

Women residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods experience disparities in breast cancer (BC) survival which persist when accounting for individual-level socioeconomic/treatment factors. The chronic stress of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood may compound the stress of a new cancer diagnosis, leading to neuroendocrine dysregulation. Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM) has shown efficacy at reducing distress and modulating neuroendocrine functioning, but it is unknown whether it is efficacious in this population. This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial of 10-week group-based CBSM (versus a psycho-educational control) in women with nonmetastatic BC. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) was calculated, and women were categorized as living in low (n = 175) versus high disadvantage (n = 50). Women completed a measure of cancer-related distress (Impact of Events Scale-Intrusions) and underwent blood draws to collect PM cortisol at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Hierarchical linear modeling tested whether condition predicted the slope of outcomes, and whether ADI moderated these relationships. CBSM was associated with greater reductions in cancer-specific distress and cortisol, though these effects were not found to be moderated by ADI. Exploratory simple slope analyses showed that CBSM was associated with decreased cancer-related distress across ADI categories, while CBSM resulted in decreased cortisol among low ADI women only. CBSM reduced cancer-related distress across neighborhoods, but this was only accompanied by cortisol changes among those in advantaged neighborhoods. Neighborhood disadvantage may represent a particularly salient stressor that is distinct from cancer-specific distress. Future interventions targeting this population should consider modifications to increase relevance and accessibility

Distress tolerance and perceived cancer-related cognitive impairment in nonmetastatic breast cancer

Objective: Cancer- and cancer treatment-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is reported by many women with breast cancer (BC). Distress tolerance (DT) refers to both the perceived capacity and behavioral act of withstanding uncomfortable/aversive/negative emotional and/or physical experiences. Poor DT has been associated with worse cognitive performance, including executive dysfunction. Importantly, DT can be improved through psychological interventions. However, DT research in cancer has been limited. This study aimed to examine the relationship between DT and CRCI in women with BC. Method: Women with nonmetastatic BC ( n = 107, age ≥ 50 years) were recruited between 2016 and 2023, post BC surgery (54.2% lumpectomy and 38.3% mastectomy) but prior to adjuvant therapy, completed the Distress Tolerance Scale and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Scale, self-report measures of DT and CRCI, respectively. Hierarchical linear regression was used to test the associations between the DTS-Total Score (DTS-T) and CRCI on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive subscales. Results: DTS-T was significantly associated with perceived cognitive impairment (CogPCI, p = .015), perceived cognitive abilities (CogPCA, p < .001), and quality of life impact (CogQOL, p = .010), after controlling for age and days since surgery. DTS-T explained 12%, 27%, and 12% of the variance in CogPCI, CogPCA, and CogQOL, respectively. Conclusion: Women with BC with greater ability to tolerate distress reported less CRCI, including less CogPCI, less CogQOL, and better CogPCA. Future directions should involve the use of objective measures of CRCI and longitudinal testing of its association with DT. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract

Distinct Sources of Social Adversity, Stress, and Coping Mechanisms Among Breast Cancer Patients to Identify Areas for Intervention

Social adversity from neighborhood disadvantage (ND), objectively measured using the Area Deprivation Index [ADI], is a known factor contributing to breast cancer (BC) disparities and has been associated with heightened psychophysiologic stress response processes, more aggressive tumor biology, and worse disease outcomes. While many aspects of ND may be less accessible for modification, some subjective experiences of ND may be modifiable through psychosocial intervention. This study investigates a critical gap in the literature regarding the link between objective ND and potentially modifiable subjective perceptions of ND.From 2020-2024, 610 adult patients (English, Spanish, Creole-speaking) receiving care for BC at a South Florida National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center and sister safety-net hospital enrolled in a cohort study and completed measures for neighborhood-level adversity (Neighborhood Social Environment Adversity Survey [NSEAS]) and individual-level (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS], Impact of Event Scale-Intrusions [IES-I]) perceived stress as well as coping mechanisms (John Henryism Active Coping Scale [JHAC], Social Provisions Scale [SPS], Management of Current Stress [MOCS]). ADI was derived from residential addresses.Multiple regression analyses found 1) women living in areas of higher objective ND reported greater levels of perceived ND [NSEAS], 2) greater subjective ND related to greater general [PSS] but not cancer-specific stress [IES-I], and 3) women with greater coping mechanisms [JHAC, SPS, MOCS] reported lower levels of subjective ND (ps<.05).This study clarified relationships among sources of social adversity, stress, and coping mechanisms.These findings may help inform intervention design for BC patients living in social adversity

Brief Post‐Surgical Stress Management Intervention Effects on Positive Psychological Well‐Being and Self‐Efficacy in Women Being Treated With Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy for Hormone‐Receptor Positive Breast Cancer

ABSTRACT Background Women prescribed adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) for nonmetastatic breast cancer may experience a decline in positive psychological well‐being (PPWB) and self‐efficacy. Brief cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and relaxation training (RT) interventions have shown short‐term efficacy in reducing distress, but their impact on PPWB and self‐efficacy over longer periods among women prescribed AET is unknown. Aims We aimed to investigate longitudinal effects of CBT and RT on PPWB and self‐efficacy among women prescribed AET. Methods This secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing 5‐session CBT versus RT versus a time‐matched health education (HE) control for women with nonmetastatic breast cancer examined PPWB (positive affect, benefit finding, positive states of mind, optimism), coping self‐efficacy, and relaxation self‐efficacy at four timepoints over the first‐year post‐diagnosis and at median 8‐year follow‐up. Piecewise hierarchical linear modeling tested intervention effects on longitudinal trajectories among women prescribed AET from the parent study (N = 135). Results Over the first‐year post‐surgery, positive affect and relaxation self‐efficacy increased across all conditions (ps < 0.03). Women in CBT reported enhanced positive states of mind compared to those in HE (p = 0.044) and enhanced coping self‐efficacy versus those in RT (p = 0.029). Women in HE reported enhanced coping self‐efficacy versus those in RT (p = 0.043). All intervention effects persisted at 8‐year follow‐up. There were no significant effects on optimism or benefit finding. Conclusions Brief interventions may bolster aspects of PPWB and self‐efficacy in women prescribed AET. Testing is warranted to determine whether more PPWB components can be incorporated into these interventions to further enhance outcomes