The Effects of Social Networking Services on Tourists’ Intention to Visit Mega-Events during the Riyadh Season: A Theory of Planned Behavior Model

The economic, cultural and environmental benefits of mega-events justify conducting tourism research articles based on tourists’ intention to visit the event destination. These decisions are likely influenced by behavioral attributes and social interaction. In the current study, we assessed potential predictors of tourists’ intention to visit the Riyadh Season using a theory of planned behavior (TPB) model and three variables of social networking service (SNS) variables, including SNS use, SNS content and trip experience sharing (TES). Results showed that the perceived behavioral control and subjective norms were antecedent TPB predictors of participants’ intentions to visit the destination. Additionally, the benefits of SNS content in organizing/planning events were independently associated with behavioral motivations. SNS attributes were not significant moderators of the relationship between subjective norms and tourists’ intentions. National authorities are required to focus on improving the content of SNS while planning for future mega-events to enrich tourists’ experience and support their motivation and decision

The Effects of Social Networking Services on Tourists’ Intention to Visit Mega-Events during the Riyadh Season: A Theory of Planned Behavior Model

The economic, cultural and environmental benefits of mega-events justify conducting tourism research articles based on tourists’ intention to visit the event destination. These decisions are likely influenced by behavioral attributes and social interaction. In the current study, we assessed potential predictors of tourists’ intention to visit the Riyadh Season using a theory of planned behavior (TPB) model and three variables of social networking service (SNS) variables, including SNS use, SNS content and trip experience sharing (TES). Results showed that the perceived behavioral control and subjective norms were antecedent TPB predictors of participants’ intentions to visit the destination. Additionally, the benefits of SNS content in organizing/planning events were independently associated with behavioral motivations. SNS attributes were not significant moderators of the relationship between subjective norms and tourists’ intentions. National authorities are required to focus on improving the content of SNS while planning for future mega-events to enrich tourists’ experience and support their motivation and decision

Influence of the Metal (Al, Cr, and Co) and Substituents of the Porphyrin in Controlling Reactions Involved in Copolymerization of Propylene Oxide and Carbon Dioxide by Porphyrin Metal(III) Complexes. 3. Cobalt Chemistry

A series of cobalt­(III) complexes LCoX, where L = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis­(pentafluorophenyl)­porphyrin (TFPP), and 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyirn (OEP) and X = Cl or acetate, has been investigated for homopolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and copolymerization of PO and CO₂ to yield polypropylene oxide (PPO) and polypropylene carbonate (PPC) or propylene carbonate (PC), respectively. These reactions were carried out both with and without the presence of a cocatalyst, namely, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) or PPN⁺Cl^– (bis­(triphenylphosphine)­iminium chloride). The PO/CO₂ copolymerization process is notably faster than PO homopolymerization. With ionic PPN⁺Cl^– cocatalyst the TPPCoOAc catalyst system grows two chains per Co center and the presence of excess [Cl^–] facilitates formation of PC by two different backbiting mechanisms during copolymerization. Formation of PPC is dependent on both [Cl^–] and the CO₂ pressure employed (1–50 bar). TPPCoCl and PO react to form TPPCo­(II) and ClCH₂CH­(Me)­OH, while with DMAP, TPPCoCl yields TPPCo­(DMAP)₂⁺Cl^–. The reactions and their polymers and other products have been monitored by various methods including react-IR, FT-IR, GPC, ESI, MALDI TOF, EXAFS, and NMR (¹H, ¹³C­{¹H}) spectroscopy. Notable differences are seen in these reactions with previous studies of (porphyrin)­M­(III) complexes (M = Al, Cr) and of the (salen)­M­(III) complexes where M = Cr, Co

Melatonin Protects Against Rotenone-induced Oxidative Stress in a Hemiparkinsonian Rat Model

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of melatonin, a wellknown free radical scavenger and neuroprotector, against rotenone-induced oxidative stress in a hemiparkinsonian rat model. The effect of melatonin on glutathione (GSH) depletion caused by unilateral, intranigral infusion of rotenone was investigated employing a spectrofluorimetric procedure. We also studied the effect of melatonin on rotenone-induced changes in the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the cytosolic fractions of substantia nigra (SN), employing spectrophotometric procedures. Rotenone-induced hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in the isolated mitochondria, as measured employing a sensitive HPLC-electrochemical method, were significantly scavenged by melatonin. Melatonin treatment restored the rotenone-induced decrease in GSH level and changes in antioxidant enzyme (SOD and catalase) activities in the SN. Our results strongly indicate melatonin’s beneficial use in Parkinson’s disease therapy as an antioxidant