9,874 research outputs found
Internet data packet transport: from global topology to local queueing dynamics
We study structural feature and evolution of the Internet at the autonomous
systems level. Extracting relevant parameters for the growth dynamics of the
Internet topology, we construct a toy model for the Internet evolution, which
includes the ingredients of multiplicative stochastic evolution of nodes and
edges and adaptive rewiring of edges. The model reproduces successfully
structural features of the Internet at a fundamental level. We also introduce a
quantity called the load as the capacity of node needed for handling the
communication traffic and study its time-dependent behavior at the hubs across
years. The load at hub increases with network size as .
Finally, we study data packet traffic in the microscopic scale. The average
delay time of data packets in a queueing system is calculated, in particular,
when the number of arrival channels is scale-free. We show that when the number
of arriving data packets follows a power law distribution, ,
the queue length distribution decays as and the average delay
time at the hub diverges as in the limit when , being the network degree
exponent.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to International Journal of Bifurcation
and Chao
Classification of scale-free networks
While the emergence of a power law degree distribution in complex networks is
intriguing, the degree exponent is not universal. Here we show that the
betweenness centrality displays a power-law distribution with an exponent \eta
which is robust and use it to classify the scale-free networks. We have
observed two universality classes with \eta \approx 2.2(1) and 2.0,
respectively. Real world networks for the former are the protein interaction
networks, the metabolic networks for eukaryotes and bacteria, and the
co-authorship network, and those for the latter one are the Internet, the
world-wide web, and the metabolic networks for archaea. Distinct features of
the mass-distance relation, generic topology of geodesics and resilience under
attack of the two classes are identified. Various model networks also belong to
either of the two classes while their degree exponents are tunable.Comment: 6 Pages, 6 Figures, 1 tabl
A system to enrich for primitive streak-derivatives, definitive endoderm and mesoderm, from pluripotent cells in culture
Two lineages of endoderm develop during mammalian embryogenesis, the primitive endoderm in the pre-implantation blastocyst and the definitive endoderm at gastrulation. This complexity of endoderm cell populations is mirrored during pluripotent cell differentiation in vitro and has hindered the identification and purification of the definitive endoderm for use as a substrate for further differentiation. The aggregation and differentiation of early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells, resulting in the formation of EPL-cell derived embryoid bodies (EPLEBs), is a model of gastrulation that progresses through the sequential formation of primitive streak-like intermediates to nascent mesoderm and more differentiated mesoderm populations. EPL cell-derived EBs have been further analysed for the formation of definitive endoderm by detailed morphological studies, gene expression and a protein uptake assay. In comparison to embryoid bodies derived from ES cells, which form primitive and definitive endoderm, the endoderm compartment of embryoid bodies formed from EPL cells was comprised almost exclusively of definitive endoderm. Definitive endoderm was defined as a population of squamous cells that expressed Sox17, CXCR4 and Trh, which formed without the prior formation of primitive endoderm and was unable to endocytose horseradish peroxidase from the medium. Definitive endoderm formed in EPLEBs provides a substrate for further differentiation into specific endoderm lineages; these lineages can be used as research tools for understanding the mechanisms controlling lineage establishment and the nature of the transient intermediates formed. The similarity between mouse EPL cells and human ES cells suggests EPLEBs can be used as a model system for the development of technologies to enrich for the formation of human ES cell-derived definitive endoderm in the future.Sveltana Vassilieva, Hweee Ngee Goh, Kevin X. Lau, James N. Hughes, Mary Familari, Peter D. Rathjen and Joy Rathje
A box-covering algorithm for fractal scaling in scale-free networks
A random sequential box-covering algorithm recently introduced to measure the
fractal dimension in scale-free networks is investigated. The algorithm
contains Monte Carlo sequential steps of choosing the position of the center of
each box, and thereby, vertices in preassigned boxes can divide subsequent
boxes into more than one pieces, but divided boxes are counted once. We find
that such box-split allowance in the algorithm is a crucial ingredient
necessary to obtain the fractal scaling for fractal networks; however, it is
inessential for regular lattice and conventional fractal objects embedded in
the Euclidean space. Next the algorithm is viewed from the cluster-growing
perspective that boxes are allowed to overlap and thereby, vertices can belong
to more than one box. Then, the number of distinct boxes a vertex belongs to is
distributed in a heterogeneous manner for SF fractal networks, while it is of
Poisson-type for the conventional fractal objects.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, a proceedings of the conference, "Optimization
in complex networks." held in Los Alamo
Price Promotions Are Inherently More Arousing for Interdependents
The ubiquity of promotions and price discounts has prompted much research to understand how consumers respond to deals. In this research, we present an affective perspective for why some consumers may be more deal prone than others. Specifically, we propose that for interdependents (vs. independents), chancing upon a deal leads to heightened arousal and greater purchase intention for the discounted product. We further propose that this effect arises because interdependents (vs. independents) are more likely to possess a comparative mindset. Findings from five studies provide converging evidence to support our propositions. Across the studies, we adopt different operationalizations of self-construal (via country, cultural prime, self-construal scale and prime), measures of arousal (skin conductance and self-report measures) and use different product categories. We further show that when a comparative mindset is made salient for independents and interdependents, the observed effect dissipates
Sandpiles on multiplex networks
We introduce the sandpile model on multiplex networks with more than one type
of edge and investigate its scaling and dynamical behaviors. We find that the
introduction of multiplexity does not alter the scaling behavior of avalanche
dynamics; the system is critical with an asymptotic power-law avalanche size
distribution with an exponent on duplex random networks. The
detailed cascade dynamics, however, is affected by the multiplex coupling. For
example, higher-degree nodes such as hubs in scale-free networks fail more
often in the multiplex dynamics than in the simplex network counterpart in
which different types of edges are simply aggregated. Our results suggest that
multiplex modeling would be necessary in order to gain a better understanding
of cascading failure phenomena of real-world multiplex complex systems, such as
the global economic crisis.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure
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