117 research outputs found
Longitudinal study of the effects of teat condition on the risk of new intramammary infections in dairy cows
Machine milkingâinduced alterations of teat tissue may impair local defense
mechanisms and increase the risk of new intramammary infections. The objective
of the current study was to assess the influence of short-term and long-term
alterations of teat tissue and infectious status of the udder quarter on the
risk of naturally occurring new intramammary infections, inflammatory
responses, and mastitis. Short-term and long-term changes in teat condition of
right udder quarters of 135 cows of a commercial dairy farm in Saxony-Anhalt,
Germany, were recorded monthly for 10 mo using simple classification schemes.
Quarter milk samples were collected from all examined quarters at each farm
visit. Bacteriological culture results and somatic cell counts of quarter milk
samples were used to determine new inflammatory responses (increase from
â€100,000 cells/mL to >100,000 cells/mL between 2 samples), new infections
(detection of a pathogen from a quarter that was free of the same pathogen at
the preceding sampling), and new mastitis (combination of new inflammatory
response and new infection). Separate Poisson mixed models for new
inflammatory responses, new infections, and new mastitis caused by specific
pathogens or groups of pathogens (contagious, environmental, major, minor, or
any) were used to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Data
preparation and parameter estimation were performed using the open source
statistical analysis software R. We observed no effect of any variable
describing teat condition on the risk of new intramammary infections,
inflammatory responses, or mastitis. Intramammary infections of the same udder
quarter in the preceding month did not affect risk either
Genetic selection for bovine chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with divergent somatic cell score affects postpartum reproductive and metabolic performance
The susceptibility of animals to periparturient diseases has a great effect on the economic efficiency of dairy industries, on the frequency of antibiotic treatment, and on animal welfare. The use of selection for breeding cows with reduced susceptibility to diseases offers a sustainable tool to improve dairy cattle farming. Several studies have focused on the association of distinct bovine chromosome 18 genotypes or haplotypes with performance traits. The aim of this study was to test whether selection of Holstein Friesian heifers via SNP genotyping for alternative paternal chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with favorable (Q) or unfavorable (q) somatic cell scores influences postpartum reproductive and metabolic diseases. Thirty-six heifers (18 Q and 18 q) were monitored from 3 wk before calving until necropsy on d 39 (± 4 d) after calving. Health status and rectal temperature were measured daily, and body condition score and body weight were assessed once per week. Blood samples were drawn twice weekly, and levels of insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone, and ÎČ-hydroxybutyrate were measured. Comparisons between the groups were performed using Fisher's exact test, chi-squared test, and the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. Results showed that Q-heifers had reduced incidence of metritis compared with q-heifers and were less likely to develop fever. Serum concentrations of ÎČ-hydroxybutyrate were lower and insulin-like growth factor-I plasma concentrations were higher in Q- compared with q-heifers. However, the body condition score and withers height were comparable between haplotypes, but weight loss tended to be lower in Q-heifers compared with q-heifers. No differences between the groups were detected concerning retained fetal membranes, uterine involution, or onset of cyclicity. In conclusion, selection of chromosome 18 haplotypes associated with a reduced somatic cell score resulted in a decreased incidence of postpartum reproductive and metabolic diseases in this study. The presented data add to the existing knowledge aimed at avoiding negative consequences of genetic selection strategies in dairy cattle farming. The underlying causal mechanisms modulated by haplotypes in the targeted genomic region and immune competence necessitate further investigation
NINscope, a versatile miniscope for multi-region circuit investigations
Miniaturized fluorescence microscopes (miniscopes) have been instrumental to monitor neural signals during unrestrained behavior and their open-source versions have made them affordable. Often, the footprint and weight of open-source miniscopes is sacrificed for added functionality. Here, we present NINscope: a light-weight miniscope with a small footprint that integrates a high-sensitivity image sensor, an inertial measurement unit and an LED driver for an external optogenetic probe. We use it to perform the first concurrent cellular resolution recordings from cerebellum and cerebral cortex in unrestrained mice, demonstrate its optogenetic stimulation capabilities to examine cerebello-cerebral or cortico-striatal connectivity, and replicate findings of action encoding in dorsal striatum. In combination with cross-platform acquisition and control software, our miniscope is a versatile addition to the expanding tool chest of open-source miniscopes that will increase access to multi-region circuit investigations during unrestrained behavior
Safety Measures During Cholecystectomy: Results of a Nationwide Survey
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify safety measures practiced by Dutch surgeons during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHOD: An electronic questionnaire was sent to all members of the Dutch Society of Surgery with a registered e-mail address. RESULTS: The response rate was 40.4% and 453 responses were analyzed. The distribution of the respondents with regard to type of hospital was similar to that in the general population of Dutch surgeons. The critical view of safety (CVS) technique is used by 97.6% of the surgeons. It is documented by 92.6%, mostly in the operation report (80.0%), but often augmented by photography (42.7%) or video (30.2%). If the CVS is not obtained, 50.9% of surgeons convert to the open approach, 39.1% continue laparoscopically, and 10.0% perform additional imaging studies. Of Dutch surgeons, 53.2% never perform intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), 41.3% perform it incidentally, and only 2.6% perform it routinely. A total of 105 bile duct injuries (BDIs) were reported in 14,387 cholecystectomies (0.73%). The self-reported major BDI rate (involving the common bile duct) was 0.13%, but these figures need to be confirmed in other studies. CONCLUSION: The CVS approach in laparoscopic cholecystectomy is embraced by virtually all Dutch surgeons. The course of action when CVS is not obtained varies. IOC seems to be an endangered skill as over half the Dutch surgeons never perform it and the rest perform it only incidentally
Control of bovine mastitis: old and recent therapeutic approaches
Mastitis is defined as the inflammatory response resulting of the infection of the udder tissue and it is reported in numerous species, namely in domestic dairy animals. This pathology is the most frequent disease of dairy cattle and can be potentially fatal. Mastitis is an economically important pathology associated with reduced milk production, changes in milk composition and quality, being considered one of the most costly to dairy industry. Therefore, the majority of research in the field has focused on control of bovine mastitis and many efforts are being made for the development of new and effective anti-mastitis drugs. Antibiotic treatment is an established component of mastitis control programs; however, the continuous search for new therapeutic alternatives, effective in the control and treatment of bovine mastitis, is urgent. This review will provide an overview of some conventional and emerging approaches in the management of bovine mastitis infections.F. Gomes acknowledge the ïŹnancial support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through the Grant SFRH/BPD/84488/2012 and for ïŹnancial support to the CEB research center
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Periodontal inflamed surface area and C-reactive protein as predictors of HbA1c: a study in Indonesia
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