447 research outputs found
On the action principle for a system of differential equations
We consider the problem of constructing an action functional for physical
systems whose classical equations of motion cannot be directly identified with
Euler-Lagrange equations for an action principle. Two ways of action principle
construction are presented. From simple consideration, we derive necessary and
sufficient conditions for the existence of a multiplier matrix which can endow
a prescribed set of second-order differential equations with the structure of
Euler-Lagrange equations. An explicit form of the action is constructed in case
if such a multiplier exists. If a given set of differential equations cannot be
derived from an action principle, one can reformulate such a set in an
equivalent first-order form which can always be treated as the Euler-Lagrange
equations of a certain action. We construct such an action explicitly. There
exists an ambiguity (not reduced to a total time derivative) in associating a
Lagrange function with a given set of equations. We present a complete
description of this ambiguity. The general procedure is illustrated by several
examples.Comment: 10 page
Lie conformal algebra cohomology and the variational complex
We find an interpretation of the complex of variational calculus in terms of
the Lie conformal algebra cohomology theory. This leads to a better
understanding of both theories. In particular, we give an explicit construction
of the Lie conformal algebra cohomology complex, and endow it with a structure
of a g-complex. On the other hand, we give an explicit construction of the
complex of variational calculus in terms of skew-symmetric poly-differential
operators.Comment: 56 page
The Unique Determination of Neuronal Currents in the Brain via Magnetoencephalography
The problem of determining the neuronal current inside the brain from
measurements of the induced magnetic field outside the head is discussed under
the assumption that the space occupied by the brain is approximately spherical.
By inverting the Geselowitz equation, the part of the current which can be
reconstructed from the measurements is precisely determined. This actually
consists of only certain moments of one of the two functions specifying the
tangential part of the current. The other function specifying the tangential
part of the current as well as the radial part of the current are completely
arbitrary. However, it is also shown that with the assumption of energy
minimization, the current can be reconstructed uniquely. A numerical
implementation of this unique reconstruction is also presented
Lagrange formalism of memory circuit elements: classical and quantum formulations
The general Lagrange-Euler formalism for the three memory circuit elements,
namely, memristive, memcapacitive, and meminductive systems, is introduced. In
addition, {\it mutual meminductance}, i.e. mutual inductance with a state
depending on the past evolution of the system, is defined. The Lagrange-Euler
formalism for a general circuit network, the related work-energy theorem, and
the generalized Joule's first law are also obtained. Examples of this formalism
applied to specific circuits are provided, and the corresponding Hamiltonian
and its quantization for the case of non-dissipative elements are discussed.
The notion of {\it memory quanta}, the quantum excitations of the memory
degrees of freedom, is presented. Specific examples are used to show that the
coupling between these quanta and the well-known charge quanta can lead to a
splitting of degenerate levels and to other experimentally observable quantum
effects
Derivation of Boltzmann Principle
We present a derivation of Boltzmann principle
based on classical mechanical models of thermodynamics. The argument is based
on the heat theorem and can be traced back to the second half of the nineteenth
century with the works of Helmholtz and Boltzmann. Despite its simplicity, this
argument has remained almost unknown. We present it in a modern, self-contained
and accessible form. The approach constitutes an important link between
classical mechanics and statistical mechanics
Lagrangian multiform structure for the lattice Gel'fand-Dikii hierarchy
The lattice Gel'fand-Dikii hierarchy was introduced by Nijhoff, Papageorgiou,
Capel and Quispel in 1992 as the family of partial difference equations
generalizing to higher rank the lattice Korteweg-de Vries systems, and includes
in particular the lattice Boussinesq system. We present a Lagrangian for the
generic member of the lattice Gel'fand-Dikii hierarchy, and show that it can be
considered as a Lagrangian 2-form when embedded in a higher dimensional
lattice, obeying a closure relation. Thus the multiform structure proposed in
arXiv:0903.4086v2 [nlin.SI] is extended to a multi-component system.Comment: 12 page
The spike train statistics for consonant and dissonant musical accords
The simple system composed of three neural-like noisy elements is considered.
Two of them (sensory neurons or sensors) are stimulated by noise and periodic
signals with different ratio of frequencies, and the third one (interneuron)
receives the output of these two sensors and noise. We propose the analytical
approach to analysis of Interspike Intervals (ISI) statistics of the spike
train generated by the interneuron. The ISI distributions of the sensory
neurons are considered to be known. The frequencies of the input sinusoidal
signals are in ratios, which are usual for music. We show that in the case of
small integer ratios (musical consonance) the input pair of sinusoids results
in the ISI distribution appropriate for more regular output spike train than in
a case of large integer ratios (musical dissonance) of input frequencies. These
effects are explained from the viewpoint of the proposed theory.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figure
Helmholtz's inverse problem of the discrete calculus of variations
International audienceWe derive the discrete version of the classical Helmholtz's condition. Precisely, we state a theorem characterizing second order finite differences equations admitting a Lagrangian formulation. Moreover, in the affirmative case, we provide the class of all possible Lagrangian formulations
Point vortices on the sphere: a case with opposite vorticities
We study systems formed of 2N point vortices on a sphere with N vortices of
strength +1 and N vortices of strength -1. In this case, the Hamiltonian is
conserved by the symmetry which exchanges the positive vortices with the
negative vortices. We prove the existence of some fixed and relative
equilibria, and then study their stability with the ``Energy Momentum Method''.
Most of the results obtained are nonlinear stability results. To end, some
bifurcations are described.Comment: 35 pages, 9 figure
Historical roots of gauge invariance
Gauge invariance is the basis of the modern theory of electroweak and strong
interactions (the so called Standard Model). The roots of gauge invariance go
back to the year 1820 when electromagnetism was discovered and the first
electrodynamic theory was proposed. Subsequent developments led to the
discovery that different forms of the vector potential result in the same
observable forces. The partial arbitrariness of the vector potential A brought
forth various restrictions on it. div A = 0 was proposed by J. C. Maxwell;
4-div A = 0 was proposed L. V. Lorenz in the middle of 1860's . In most of the
modern texts the latter condition is attributed to H. A. Lorentz, who half a
century later was one of the key figures in the final formulation of classical
electrodynamics. In 1926 a relativistic quantum-mechanical equation for charged
spinless particles was formulated by E. Schrodinger, O. Klein, and V. Fock. The
latter discovered that this equation is invariant with respect to
multiplication of the wave function by a phase factor exp(ieX/hc) with the
accompanying additions to the scalar potential of -dX/cdt and to the vector
potential of grad X. In 1929 H. Weyl proclaimed this invariance as a general
principle and called it Eichinvarianz in German and gauge invariance in
English. The present era of non-abelian gauge theories started in 1954 with the
paper by C. N. Yang and R. L. Mills.Comment: final-final, 34 pages, 1 figure, 106 references (one added with
footnote since v.2); to appear in July 2001 Rev. Mod. Phy
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