626 research outputs found
Osmoregulation in water stressed roots: Responses of leaf conductance and photosynthesis
Kober 5 BB vines were subjected to either moderate and slow soil dehydration or to repeated, severe and rapid stress and irrigation cycles. Moderate soil dehydration to 50 % of the soil water capacity led to a small but significant decrease of the osmotic potential at RWC = 100 %, i.e. to osmoregulation in root tips, but not in other parts of the roots. Osmoregulation was associated with the maintenance of a high water status in the root tips and high rates of leaf gas exchange. In a second experiment three severe and rapid drying cycles led to a decrease of the osmotic potential at RWC = 100 % in root tips as well as in unsuberised and suberised roots, the maximum rate being 2.3 bar. In this experiment osmoregulation in roots contributed to a partial increase of the root water status. The observation that, despite a low soil moisture content, leaf conductance and rate of photosynthesis had slightly recovered is discussed
Partial drying of the rootzone of grape. I. Transient changes in shoot growth and gas exchange
Split-root plants, where the root system was divided between two containers, were used to study the effect of partial drying of the root system on shoot growth and gas exchange of Shiraz (syn. Syrah) (Vitis vinifera), Kober 5 BB (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia) and 110 Richter (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris). The initial decrease in both shoot growth rate and gas exchange in response to half-drying coincided with the decrease in soil water content of the dried half of the root system. Recovery of shoot function of half-dried grapevines occurred without rewatering of the dried half of the root system, and commenced when there was no further decrease in soil water content. There was no effect of half-drying on leaf water potential at the times of greatest inhibition of shoot growth rate and stomatal conductance relative to control; this suggests the involvement of a non-hydraulic signal originating from the roots in drying soil. Changes in stomatal conductance in response to half-drying were strongly correlated with shoot growth rate
Partial drying of the rootzone of grape. II. Changes in the pattern of root development
Split-root plants, where the root system was divided between two containers, were used to study the effect of partial drying of the root system on gas exchange and root growth of 110 Richter (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris). The initial decrease in gas exchange in response to half-drying coincided with the decrease in soil water content of the dried half of the root system. Recovery of gas exchange of half-dried grapevines occurred without any further change in soil water content of the dried half of the root system, and coincided with the point at which there was no further decrease in soil water content. For half-dried plants, there was a relative increase in root development in moist soil layers, both in the wet container as a whole or in the lower part of the dry container. Recovery of gas exchange of half-dried plants occurred at the time when there were no more roots dried in the dry container. We propose that, for half-dried plants, the part of the root system in dry soil can survive because water moves from wet roots to dry roots
Three-Dimensional Percolation Modeling of Self-Healing Composites
We study the self-healing process of materials with embedded "glue"-carrying
cells, in the regime of the onset of the initial fatigue. Three-dimensional
numerical simulations within the percolation-model approach are reported. The
main numerical challenge taken up in the present work, has been to extend the
calculation of the conductance to three-dimensional lattices. Our results
confirm the general features of the process: The onset of the material fatigue
is delayed, by developing a plateau-like time-dependence of the material
quality. We demonstrate that in this low-damage regime, the changes in the
conductance and thus, in similar transport/response properties of the material
can be used as measures of the material quality degradation. A new feature
found for three dimensions, where it is much more profound than in
earlier-studied two-dimensional systems, is the competition between the healing
cells. Even for low initial densities of the healing cells, they interfere with
each other and reduce each other's effective healing efficiency.Comment: 15 pages in PDF, with 6 figure
Revealing Correlation of Valence State with Nanoporous Structure in Cobalt Catalyst Nanoparticles by in Situ Environmental TEM
Simultaneously probing the electronic structure and morphology of materials
at the nanometer or atomic scale while a chemical reaction proceeds is
significant for understanding the underlying reaction mechanisms and optimizing
a materials design. This is especially important in the study of nanoparticle
catalysts, yet such experiments have rarely been achieved. Utilizing an
environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) equipped with a
differentially pumped gas cell, we are able to conduct nanoscopic imaging and
electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in situ for cobalt catalysts under
reaction conditions. Analysis revealed quantitative correlation of the cobalt
valence states to the particles' nanoporous structures. The in situ experiments
were performed on nanoporous cobalt particles coated with silica while a 15
mTorr hydrogen environment was maintained at various temperatures
(300-600\degreeC). When the nanoporous particles were reduced, the valence
state changed from cobalt oxide to metallic cobalt and concurrent structural
coarsening was observed. In situ mapping of the valence state and the
corresponding nanoporous structures allows quantitatively analysis necessary
for understanding and improving the mass activity and lifetime of cobalt-based
catalysts, i.e., for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis that converts carbon monoxide
and hydrogen into fuels, and uncovering the catalyst optimization mechanisms.Comment: ACS Nano, accepte
Recommended from our members
Some effects of kiln configuration, drying schedules and wood species on moisture content distribution
- …