Two new species of Gyrocotyle (Monogenea from Chimaerids (Holocephali))

INTRODUCTION Species of the genus Gyrocotyle are quite common intestinal parasites of chimaerids. As far as we now know, each parasite species is restricted to one host species. In each host species, however, a second and much rarer species of Gyrocotyle may occur besides the common one. The common species are systematically related to each other, and so are the rare ones. In the present paper two species of the group of rare species are described. Their existence has been known already for a long time, but, for different reasons, they have never been recognized as separate species. DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS Ι. Spines. — We recognize two types of spines in the genus Gyrocotyle, viz., the urna-type and the confusa-type. In spines of the urna-type the general shape is stubby, irregular and asymmetrical, and the distal portion is stout and blunt (fig. 5). In spines of the confusa-type, the general shape is elegant, regular and symmetrical, and the distal portion is slender, gradually tapering, and pointed (fig. 2-4). In spines of the urna-type the points that project beyond the skin are twice as wide as in spines of comparable dimensions of the confusa-type, which is even striking when specimens are studied under a low-power stereomicroscope. 2. Lateral ruffles. — All species of the subgenus Amphiptyches have lateral ruffles. A complicated type, with a great dorsoventral amplitude and with a few to many secondary undulations, can be distinguished from a simple type, generally with a small dorsoventral amplitude and without secondary undulations. 3. Rosette. — All species of the genus Gyrocotyle have a rosette, i.e.

Adequate mothering by partially isolated rhesus monkeys after observation of maternal care

13 laboratory-born female monkeys were allowed to remain with their mothers for about 4 mo and were subsequently singly caged in rooms where they were able to see other monkeys. Ss that did not see mothers caring for their infants neglected their own firstborn. In contrast, Ss that were allowed to observe separately caged mother–infant pairs accepted their own infants but initially held them in atypical positions. Only 2–3 yrs of natural group life, which probably involved observation of mothering and carrying younger group members, led to acceptance as well as normal holding postures. Results indicate that visual exposure to maternal care, which must take place when the animal is older than about 4 mo, leads to acceptance of the neonate. However, subsequent tactual experience is usually required for learning to hold the infant properly. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved

THE ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES BETWEEN YOUNG-CHILDREN WITH A PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER BY MEANS OF BEHAVIOR SCALES WHICH ARE DERIVED FROM DIRECT OBSERVATION

Data obtained by direct observation of 112 3-6-year-old normal children and 31 children with a pervasive developmental disorder aged 3-6 were used to construct behaviour scales by means of simultaneous component analysis. This is a technique for finding behaviour clusters (components) common to different groups by weighting the variables such that the resulting components maximize variance accounted for when summed over the groups (Milsap & Meredith, 1988, Psychometrika, 53, 123-134; Berge & Kiers, 1990, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 45, 221-226). An evaluation of the component structure that was found is given for both groups. Results show uncorrelated components for the normal group, while some of the same components are intercorrelated in the clinical group. Scales were constructed which are shown to have discriminative value with respect to subgroups within the group of patients

The influence of rearing conditions on maternal behavior in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Contains fulltext : 28348.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)We studied the influence of rearing on the adequacy of maternal behavior by comparing 20 harem-reared and 15 peer-reared primiparous cynomolgus monkeys. We used them plus 11 wild-caught females to extend this comparison to multiparous subjects and also to compare primiparae with multiparae. We observed no behavioral effect of rearing and parity. Primiparous maternal adequacy amounted to 93% in peer-reared subjects and to 95% in harem-reared monkeys. We extensively discuss theories concerning rearing effects. Leitmotifs throughout the discussion are survival value of maternal behavior immediately after parturition and predictive value of this behavior for the further course of maternal behavior. Support is accumulated for the hypothesis that certain tactile and visual experiences suffice for the development of adequate maternal behavior